The history of the Sunda Kingdom, its legacy and its heyday
History of the Kingdom of Sunda / Pasundan, Legacy, Territory, Kings, His Heyday and Collapse: is a kingdom that existed between 932 and 1579 AD in the western part of the island of Java
History of the Sunda Kingdom
The Sunda Kingdom was a kingdom located in the western part of the island of Java (the provinces of Banten, Jakarta, and present-day West Java), between 932 and 1579 AD. Based on historical sources in the form of inscriptions and manuscripts in Old Sundanese, THE KINGDOM OF SUNDA
it is said that the center of the Sunda kingdom has undergone several displacements. The Sunda Kingdom (669–1579 AD), according to the Wangsakerta text, was a kingdom that stood to replace the Tarumanagara kingdom. The Sunda Kingdom was founded by Tarusbawa in 591 Caka Sunda (669 AD). According to primary historical sources dating back to the 16th century, this kingdom was an empire that included the area that is now the Province of Banten, Jakarta, West Java Province, and the western part of Java Province Middle.
Based on the primary ancient manuscript of Bujangga Manik (which narrates the journey of Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu priest who visited religious holy places Hinduism in Java and Bali in the early 16th century), which is currently stored in the Boedlian Library, Oxford University, England since 1627), the boundary of the Kingdom Sunda to the east are Ci Pamali ("Pamali River", now known as Kali Brebes) and Ci Serayu (currently called Kali Serayu) in Java Province Middle.
Tome Pires (1513) in his travelogue, Suma Oriental (1513 – 1515), mentions the boundaries of the Kingdom Sunda in the east as follows: “While people assert that the Sunda kingdom covered half the island Java. Others say that the Sunda Kingdom covered a third of the island of Java plus another eighth. He said, around the island of Sunda three hundred legoa. The end is Ci Manuk.”
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According to the Wangsakerta Manuscript
According to the Wangsakerta Manuscript, the territory of the Sunda Kingdom also includes the area that is currently Lampung Province through marriage between the Sundanese and Lampung royal families. Lampung is separated from the rest of the Sunda kingdom by the Sunda Strait
Before standing as an independent kingdom, Sunda was a subordinate of Tarumanagara. The last Tarumanagara king, Sri Maharaja Linggawarman Atmahariwangsa Panunggalan Tirthabumi (ruled only three years, 666–669 AD), was married to Déwi Ganggasari of Indraprahasta. From Gangasari, he has two children, both girls. Déwi Manasih, his eldest daughter, married Tarusbawa of Sunda, while the second, Sobakancana, married Dapuntahyang Sri Janayasa, who later founded the kingdom of Srivijaya.
After Linggawarman died, Tarumanagara's power fell to his son-in-law, Tarusbawa. This caused the ruler of Galuh, Wretikandayun (612–702) to rebel, break away from Tarumanagara, and establish an independent Galuh Kingdom. Tarusbawa also wants to continue the Tarumanagara kingdom, and then transfer his power to Sunda, upstream Cipakancilan river where in the area the Ciliwung and Cisadane rivers are adjacent and lined up, near Bogor when this.
Meanwhile, Tarumanagara was changed to be his subordinate. He was crowned king of Sunda on the day of Radite Pon, 9 Suklapaksa, the month of Yista, in 519 Saka (approximately May 18, 669 AD). Sunda and Galuh are bordered, with the boundaries of their kingdom, namely the Citarum river (Sunda in the west, Galuh in the east).
According to the Carita Parahyangan Book, the capital of the Sunda kingdom was first in Galuh, then according to the Sanghyang Tapak inscription found on the riverbank Cicatih, Cibadak Sukabumi, The contents of the inscription are about the creation of a forbidden area in the river which is marked with a large rock in the upstream and downstream. By King Sri Jayabhupati, ruler of the Sunda kingdom.
In the prohibited area, people are not allowed to catch fish and animals that live in the river. The goal may be to preserve the environment (so that fish and others do not become extinct) who dares to violate the prohibition, he will be cursed by the gods. The Sunda Kingdom had its capital in Parahyangan Sunda.
The Origin of the Pajajaran Kingdom (Sunda)
History says that the beginning of the founding of the Pajajaran Kingdom was in 923 and its founder was Sri Jayabhupati. This evidence is obtained from the Sanghyang Inscription which is 1030 AD in Suka Bumi. Furthermore, apparently the Pajajaran Kingdom was founded after the split of the Galuh Kingdom led by Rahyang Wastu. When Rahyang Wastu died, the Galuh Kingdom was split into two.
One was led by Dewa Niskala and the other was led by Susuktunggal. Although split into two but they have the same degree of position.
The origin of the Pajajaran Kingdom begins with the collapse of the Majapahit Kingdom around 1400 AD. At that time, Majapahit was getting weaker, especially when it was marked by the collapse of the reign of King Kertabumi or the fifth Brawijaya. several members of the kingdom and their people who fled to the capital city of Galuh in Kawali, Kuningan region, where it entered the province of Java West. This area is the territory of the Lord God Niskala.
King Dewa Niskala also welcomed the refugees well, even a relative of Prabu Kertabumi, Raden Baribin, was betrothed to one of his daughters. It didn't stop there, Raja Dewa Niskala also took the wife of one of the refugee members of the kingdom. Unfortunately, the marriage between King Dewa Niskala and members of the Majapahit Kingdom was not approved by King Susuktunggal because there is a rule that marriages between descendants of Sunda-Galuh and descendants of the Majapahit Kingdom are not allowed. This rule has existed since the Bubat incident.
Due to the disapproval on the part of King Susuktunggal, a war broke out between Susuktunggal and King Dewa Niskala. In order to prevent the war from continuing, the Advisory Councils of the two kingdoms suggested a path of peace. The path of peace was pursued by appointing a new ruler, while King Dewa Niskala and King Susuktunggal had to abdicate.
Then Jayadevata was appointed, also known as Prabu Siliwangi, who was the son of Dewa Niskala as well as the son-in-law of King Susuktunggal. Jayadevata who has become the ruler with the title Sri Baduga Maharaja decided to reunite the two kingdoms. From the union of the two kingdoms, the Pajajaran Kingdom was born in 1482. Therefore, the birth of the Pajajaran Kingdom was counted when Sri Baduga Maharaha was in power.
Historical Source
From existing historical records, both from inscriptions, ancient manuscripts, and records of foreign nations, traces of this kingdom can be traced; among others, regarding the kingdom and the capital of Pakuan Pajajaran. Regarding the kings of the Sunda Kingdom who ruled from the capital of Pakuan Pajajaran, there are differences in the order between the Babad Pajajaran manuscripts, Carita Parahiangan, and Carita Waruga Guru.
In addition to chronicle manuscripts, the Kingdom of Pajajaran also left a number of traces of relics from the past, such as:
- Slate Inscription, Bogor
- Sanghyang Tapak Inscription, Sukabumi
- Kawali Inscription, Ciamis
- Inscription of Rakyan Commander Pangambat
- Horren's Inscription
- Astanagede Inscription
- Portuguese Covenant Monument (padrao), Kampung Tugu, Jakarta
- The hunting park, which is now the Bogor Botanical Gardens
- Song of Sundayana story book and Parahyangan story
- Foreign news from Tome Pires (1513) and Pigafetta (1522)
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Political, Social, Economic and Cultural
The Political Life of the Sunda Kingdom
According to Tome Pires, the Sunda kingdom was ruled by a king. The king ruled over the kings in the area he led. The royal throne was passed down from generation to generation to his son. However, if the king does not have children, the one who replaces him is a regional king based on the results of his election.
Due to very limited historical sources, little is known about aspects of political life about the Sunda/Pajajaran Kingdom. Aspects of political life that are known are limited to the change of the center of government and the succession of the king's throne. Sequentially the centers of the kingdom were Galuh, Prahajyan Sunda, Kawali, and Pakwan Pajajaran.
Galuh Kingdom
Not much is known about the history of West Java after Tarumanegara. The darkness was slightly revealed by the Canggal Inscription found on Mount Wukir, Central Java, dated to 732 AD. The Canggal inscription was made by Sanjaya as a sign of his greatness and victory. The Canggal inscription states that Sanjaya was the son of Sanaha, the sister of King Sanna. In the book Carita Parahyangan also mentioned the name of Sanjaya. According to the version of the Carita Parahyangan book, Sanjaya was the son of King Sena who ruled in the Galuh Kingdom.
Sundanese Prahajyan Kingdom Center
The name Sunda appears again on the Sahyang Tapak inscription found in Pancalikan and Bantarmuncang, Cibadak area, Sukabumi. The inscription is dated 952 Saka (1030 AD), in Old Javanese language with Kawi letters. The name of the figure mentioned is Maharaja Sri Jayabhupati Jayamanahen Wisnumurti Samarawijaya Sakalabhuwanaman-daleswaranindita Haro Gowardhana Wikramottunggadewa, while his territory is called Sundanese Prahajyan.
Kawali Kingdom Center
During whose reign the center of the Sunda Kingdom began in Kawali is not known for certain. However, according to the inscription at Astanagede (Kawali), it is known that at least during the reign of Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana the center of the kingdom was already there. His palace was named Surawisesa. The king had made ditches around the palace and built villages for his people.
Pakwan Pajajaran Kingdom Center
After King Rahyang Ningrat Kancana fell, his throne was succeeded by his son, the Queen Jayadewata. In the Kebantenan Inscription, Jayadewata is referred to as the now Susuhunan in Pakwan Pajajaran. In the Batutulis Inscription, Sang Jayadewata is called by the name of Prabu Dewataprana Sri Baduga Maharaja Ratu Haji in Pakwan Pajajaran Sri Sang Ratu Dewata.
Since the reign of Sri Baduga Maharaja, the center of the kingdom shifted from Kawali to Pakwan Pajajaran which in the Carita Parahyangan book is called Sri Bima Camel Rayana Madura Suradipati. According to the Carita Parahyangan book, the king runs the government based on the applicable law so that a safe and peaceful situation is created, there is no riot or war.
Pajajaran King List
- Sri Baduga Maharaja (1482 – 1521), reigned in Pakuan (now Bogor)
- Surawisesa (1521 – 1535), reigned in Pakuan
- Queen of the Gods (1535 – 1543), reigned in Pakuan
- Ratu Sakti (1543 – 1551), reigned in Pakuan
- Ratu Nilakendra (1551-1567), left Pakuan because of the attack by Hasanudin and his son, Maulana Yusuf
- Raga Mulya (1567 – 1579), known as Prabu Surya Kencana, ruled from Pandeglang Maharaja Jayabhupati (Haji-Ri-Sunda)
- Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kencana
- Rahyang Dewa Niskala (Rahyang Noble Kencana)
- Sri Baduga MahaRaja
- Hyang Wuni Sora
- Queen Samian (King Surawisesa)
- and Prabu Ratu Dewata.
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The Social Life of the Sunda Kingdom
Based on the book Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian, the social life of the people of the Sunda Kingdom can be divided into several groups, including the following.
Spiritual Groups and Scholars
Spiritual groups and intellectuals are community groups who have abilities in certain fields. For example, brahmins who know various kinds of mantras, foreshadows who know various levels and religious life, and janggans who know various things. kinds of worship, memes who know various kinds of stories, paragunas who know various kinds of songs or songs, and prepatuns that have various kinds of stories pantun.
Government Apparatus Group
Community groups as government (state) tools, for example bhayangkara (in charge of maintaining security), soldiers (army), Hulu jurit (head of soldiers).
Economic Group
Economic groups are people who carry out economic activities. For example, the painter (painter), pande mas (gold craftsman), pande dang (household furniture maker), pesawah (farmer), and palika (fisherman).
The life of the people of the Sunda Kingdom were cultivators, so they often moved around. Therefore, the Sunda Kingdom did not leave many permanent buildings, such as palaces, temples or inscriptions. The best known temple from the Sunda Kingdom is the Cangkuang Temple which is located in Leles, Garut, West Java.
The Economic Life of the Sunda Kingdom
The Sunda kingdom is a kingdom whose people live from agriculture, its agricultural products are the subject of royal opinion. Various agricultural products such as pepper, tamarind, rice, vegetables and fruits are produced by the people of the Sunda kingdom. also cattle breeders, goats, sheep and pigs are animals that are widely traded in the royal ports. Sunda.
According to Tom Pires, the Sunda kingdom had six important ports, each headed by a porter. they were responsible to the king and acted on behalf of the king in each port, Banten, Pontang, Cigede, Tomgara, Kalapa and Cimanuk were ports belonging to the Sunda kingdom.
Cultural Life of the Sunda Kingdom
The Carita Parahyangan and Dewabuda books indicate that the Sundanese people were heavily influenced by Hindu and Buddhist cultures. The two cultures then mingled with elements of the ancestral culture that had existed before.
The Sunda Kingdom is a fractional kingdom of the Tarumanegara kingdom. The Sunda Kingdom had its capital in Parahyangan Sunda. Meanwhile, according to the Astana Gede inscription (Kawali – Ciamis), the capital of the Sunda kingdom was in Pakwan Pajajaran.
The reason for this transfer of the kingdom is unknown. However, economic, security, political, or natural disasters are common reasons for moving the center of a kingdom's capital city. The Sunda kingdom controlled the West Java area for a long time, among its kings, the famous ones were Jaya Bhupati and Sri Baduga Maharaja.
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Territory and Historiography
Based on the primary ancient manuscripts of Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu priest who visited the holy places of Hinduism in Pulau Java and Bali in the early 16th century, (which is currently stored in the Boedlian Library, Oxford University, England since 1627),
The boundaries of the Sunda Kingdom to the east were Ci Pamali ("Pamali River", now known as Kali Brebes) and Ci Serayu (currently called Kali Serayu) in Central Java Province. According to the Wangsakerta Manuscript, the territory of the Sunda Kingdom also includes the area that is currently Lampung Province through marriage between the Sundanese and Lampung royal families. Lampung is separated from the rest of the Sunda kingdom by the Sunda Strait.
Kawali Inscription at Kabuyutan Astana Gedé, Kawali, Ciamis.
After the death of King Bunisora, power returned to Linggabuana's son, Niskalawastukancana, who then ruled for 104 years (1371-1475). From his first wife, Nay Ratna Sarkati, he had a son Sang Haliwungan (Prabu Susuktunggal), who was given subordinate power in the area west of Citarum (the area of Sundanese origin).
Prabu Susuktunggal who ruled from Pakuan Pajajaran, built this center of government by establishing the Sri Bima Punta Narayana Madura Suradipati palace. His reign was fairly long (1382-1482), because it had begun when his father was still in power in the east. From Nay Ratna Mayangsari, his second wife, he had a son Ningratkancana (Prabu Déwaniskala), who continued his father's rule in the Galuh area (1475-1482). Susuktunggal and Ningratkancana unite their heirs by marrying Jayadéwata (son of Ningratkancana) to Ambetkasih (son of Susuktunggal).
In 1482, the powers of Sunda and Galuh were united again by Jayadéwata, who had the title Sri Baduga Maharaja. Sapeninggal Jayadéwata, the power of Sunda-Galuh passed to his son, Prabu Surawisésa (1521-1535), then Prabu Déwatabuanawisésa (1535-1543), Prabu Sakti (1543-1551), Prabu Nilakéndra (1551-1567), and Prabu Ragamulya or Prabu Suryakancana (1567-1579). Prabu Suryakancana was the last leader of the Sunda-Galuh kingdom, because after being attacked several times by Maulana Yusuf's troops from the Sultanate of Banten, caused the power of Prabu Surya Kancana and the Kingdom of Pajajaran to collapse.
Padro Sunda Kalapa
Padrão Sunda Kalapa (1522), a stone pillar commemorating the Sunda-Portuguese treaty, National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta. The earliest reference to the name Sunda as a kingdom is written in the Kebon Kopi II Inscription in 458 Saka (536 AD).
The inscription was written in Kawi script, however, the language used was Old Malay. The translation of this inscription is as follows: This memorial stone is the saying of Rakryan Juru Pangambat, in the year 458 Saka, that the government order was returned to the power of the king of Sunda. Some argue that the year of the inscription should be read as 854 Saka (932 AD) because it is impossible for the Sunda Kingdom to have existed in 536 AD, in the era of the Tarumanagara Kingdom (358-669 AD).
Sanghyang Tread Inscription
Consists of 40 lines written on 4 stones. These four stones were found on the bank of the Cicatih river in Cibadak, Sukabumi. The inscriptions are written in the Kawi language. The date of this inscription is estimated to be October 11, 1030. According to Pustaka Nusantara, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati ruled for 12 years (952-964) saka (1030-1042AD).
Now the four inscriptions are stored in the Jakarta National Museum, with the code D 73 (Cicatih), D 96, D 97 and D 98. Contents of the inscription (according to Pleyte): Peace and prosperity. In the Saka year 952 (1030 AD), the month of Kartika was on the 12th day of the light, Hariang day, Kaliwon, the first day, Tambir wuku. Today is the day when the king of Sunda Maharaja Sri Jayabupati Jayamanahen Wisnumurti Samarawijaya
Sakalabuwanamandaleswaranindita Haro Gowardhana Wikramattunggadewa, made a mark on the eastern part of the Sanghiyang Tapak. Made by Sri Jayabupati Raja Sunda. And no one is allowed to break this rule. In this section of the river fishing is prohibited, in the sacred area of Sanghyang Tapak near the source of the river. Until the Sanghyang Tapak border is marked by two large trees.
So this writing was made, enforced by oath. Anyone who violates this rule will be punished by a spirit, die in horrific ways such as having his brain sucked out, his blood drunk, his intestines crushed, and his chest cut in half.
Slate Inscription
Information about King Sri Baduga can be found in the Batutulis inscription found in Bogor. He is the son of the noble Kancana. Sri Baduga is a great king. He made a lake which was named Telaga Rena Mahawijaya. He ordered to build a moat around the capital of his kingdom named Pakwan Pajajaran. King Sri Baduga ruled based on the law in force at that time so that the kingdom became safe and peaceful.
The Kings of the Sunda Kingdom
Below is a list of the kings who once led the Sunda Kingdom according to the Pangéran Wangsakerta text (when he reigned in AD):
1. Tarusbawa (Linggawarman's son-in-law, 669 – 723)
2. Harisdarma, or Sanjaya (son-in-law of Tarusbawa, 723 – 732)
3. Barmawijaya's Handsome (732 – 739)
4. Rakeyan Banga (739 – 766)
5. Rakeyan Medang Prabu Hulukujang (766 – 783)
6. King Gilingwesi (son-in-law of Rakeyan Medang Prabu Hulukujang, 783 – 795)
7. Pucukbumi Darmeswara (son-in-law of King Gilingwesi, 795 – 819)
8. Rakeyan Wuwus Prabu Gajah Kulon (819 – 891)
9. Prabu Darmaraksa (Rakeyan Wuwus' brother-in-law, 891 – 895)
10. Windusakti Prabu Déwageng (895 – 913)
11. Rakeyan Kamuning Gading Prabu Pucukwesi (913 – 916)
12. Rakeyan Jayagiri (son-in-law of Rakeyan Kamuning Gading, 916 – 942)
13. Atmayadarma Hariwangsa (942 – 954)
14. Limbur Kancana (son of Rakeyan Kamuning Gading, 954 – 964)
15. Munding Ganawirya (964 – 973)
16. Rakeyan Wulung Gadung (973 – 989)
17. Brajawisésa (989 – 1012)
18. Sanghyang God (1012 – 1019)
19. Sanghyang Ageng (1019 – 1030)
20. Sri Jayabupati (Detya Maharaja, 1030 – 1042)
21. Darmaraja (Sang Mokténg Winduraja, 1042 – 1065)
22. Langlangbumi (Sang Mokténg Kerta, 1065 – 1155)
23. Rakeyan Jayagiri Prabu Menakluhur (1155 – 1157)
24. Darmakusuma (The Mokténg Winduraja, 1157 – 1175)
25. Dharmaksaksa Prabu Sanghyang Vishnu (1175 – 1297)
26. Ragasuci (The Mokténg Taman, 1297 – 1303)
27. Citraganda (Sang Mokténg Tanjung, 1303 – 1311)
28. King Linggadéwata (1311-1333)
29. Prabu Ajiguna Linggawisésa (1333-1340)
30. King Ragamulya Luhurprabawa (1340-1350)
31. Prabu Maharaja Linggabuanawisésa (who died in the Battle of Bubat, 1350-1357)
32. King Bunisora (1357-1371)
33. King Niskalawasstukancana (1371-1475)
34. King Susuk Tunggal (1475-1482)
35. Jayadéwata (Sri Baduga Maharaja, 1482-1521)
36. King Surawisesa (1521-1535)
37. Prabu Déwatabuanawisesa (1535-1543)
38. Prabu Sakti (1543-1551)
39. King Nilakendra (1551-1567)
40. King Ragamulya or King Suryakancana (1567-1579)
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Legacy of the Sunda Kingdom
1. Cikapundung Inscription
This inscription was found by residents around the Cikapundung river, Bandung on October 8, 2010. The stone inscription inscribed with ancient Sundanese letters is thought to date from the 14th century. In addition to ancient Sundanese letters, the inscription also contains images of the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and the face. Until now, researchers from the Archaeological Center are still researching the stone inscription.
The stone inscription found was 178 cm long, 80 cm wide, and 55 cm high. On the inscription there are pictures of palms, soles of feet, face, and two lines of Sundanese letters The ancient word reads "Ungal Jagat Jalmah Hedap", which means that all humans in the world will experience this something. The main researcher at the Bandung Archaeological Center, Lutfi Yondri, said the inscription found was called the Cikapundung Inscription.
2. Flat Sand Inscription
The Pasir Datar Inscription was found at the Coffee Plantation in Pasir Datar, Cisande, Sukabumi in 1872. This inscription is now stored in the Jakarta National Museum. This inscription made of natural stone has not been transcribed until now, so its contents are unknown.
3. Huludayeuh inscription
The Huludayeuh inscription is located in the middle of rice fields in Huludayeuh village, Cikalahang village, Sumber sub-district and after the expansion of wilayang it became Dukuntang sub-district - Cirebon.
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Invention
The Huludayeuh inscription has long been known by local residents but among historians and archaeologists it was only discovered in September 1991. This inscription was published in the print media of Daily Minds of the People on 11 September 1991 and Kompas Daily on 12 September 1991.
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Contents
The Huludayeuh inscription contains 11 lines of writing in Old Sundanese script, but unfortunately the stone The inscription when it was found was no longer intact because some of the stones were broken so the characters were included is lost. Likewise, the surface of the stone has also been very damaged and many of the writings are worn out so that most of the contents cannot be known. The inscription fragment outlines about Sri Maharaja Ratu Haji in Pakwan Sya Sang Ratu Dewata which is related to efforts to prosper his country.
4. Sunda-Portuguese Treaty Inscription
The Sunda-Portuguese Treaty Inscription is an inscription in the form of a stone monument which was found in 1918 in Jakarta. This inscription marks the agreement of the Kingdom of Sunda–Kingdom of Portugal made by the Portuguese trade envoy from Malacca led by Enrique Leme and brought goods for "King Samian" (meaning Sanghyang, namely Sang Hyang Surawisesa, the prince who became the leader of the king's envoy Sunda). This inscription was erected on land designated as a place to build forts and warehouses for the Portuguese.
This inscription was rediscovered when excavations were carried out to build the foundation of the shed in the corner Prinsenstraat (now Jalan Clove) and Groenestraat (Jalan Kali Besar Timur I), now included in the West Jakarta. The inscription is now housed in the National Museum of the Republic of Indonesia, while a replica is on display at the Jakarta History Museum
5. Ulubelu Inscription
The Ulubelu inscription is one of the inscriptions that is thought to be a relic of the Kingdom Sundanese from the 15th century AD, which was found in Ulubelu, Rebangbunggung Village, Kotaagung, Lampung in 1936.
Although found in the Lampung area (southern Sumatra), there are historians who think the script used in this inscription is the Old Sundanese script, so this inscription is often considered a relic of the Kingdom Sunda. The historian's assumption is supported by the fact that the territory of the Sunda Kingdom also includes the area of Lampung. After the Sunda Kingdom was overthrown by the Sultanate of Banten, the power over the southern region of Sumatra was continued by the Sultanate of Banten. The contents of the inscription are in the form of a spell asking for help to the main gods, namely Batara Guru (Shiva), Brahma, and Vishnu, and besides that also to the god of water, land, and trees to keep safe from all enemies.
6. Inscription of Kebon Kopi II
The Kebonkopi II Inscription or the Pasir Muara Inscription, a heritage from the Sunda-Galuh kingdom, was found not far from the Inscription Kebonkopi I which is a relic of the Tarumanegara kingdom and is so named to be distinguished from the inscription first.
But unfortunately this inscription was lost stolen around the 1940s. Expert F. D. K. Bosch, who had studied it, wrote that the inscription was written in Old Malay, stating a "King of Sunda reclaims his throne" and interprets this number as 932 AD. The Kebonkopi II inscription was found in Pasir Muara Village, Ciaruteun Ilir village, Cibungbulang, Bogor, Bogor Regency, West Java, in the 19th century when deforestation was carried out for plantation land coffee. This inscription is located approximately 1 km from the stone inscription of the Kebonkopi I Inscription (Tapak Gajah Inscription).
7. Karangkamulyan site
Karangkamulyan site is a site located in Karangkamulyan Village, Ciamis, West Java. This site is a relic from the days of the Galuh Kingdom with a Hindu-Buddhist pattern. The legend of the Karangkamulyan site tells of Ciung Wanara who is associated with the Galuh Kingdom. This story is heavily spiced with stories of extraordinary heroism such as supernatural powers and powers that are not possessed by ordinary people but are possessed by Ciung Wanara.
The area which covers an area of approximately 25 hectares holds various objects that are thought to contain the history of the Galuh Kingdom, most of which are in the form of stone. These stones are located not close together but spread with different shapes. These stones are in a building whose structure is made of piles of stones that are almost the same shape. The structure of this building has a door so that it resembles a room.
The stones inside the structure have names and have their own stories to tell, as do several other locations outside the stone structure. Each of these names is a gift from the community that is associated with a story or myth about Galuh kingdom such as pangcalikan or seat, symbol of worship, place of birth, place of cockfighting and Cikahuripan.
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The period of glory and collapse
History of the Kingdom of Pajajaran when it was in its heyday
The period in which the Pajajaran Kingdom experienced glory was during the reign of King Siliwangi or Sri Baduga Maharaha. Even until now the golden age of King Siliwangi is still remembered in the hearts of the people of West Java.
Sri Baduga Maharaha in his heyday built a large lake which he named Maharena Wijaya. In addition, he also managed to build a road connecting the capital city with the Wanagiri region. From there Sri Baduga Maharaha developed many spiritual aspects such as suggesting that religious activities be carried out in the midst of society.
In addition, he also built a dormitory for soldiers, kaputren, performance venues, strengthened the fort defense, planning and managing tribute matters, and drafting regulations or laws kingdom.
All activities and developments carried out by Sri Baduga Maharaha are engraved in two historic inscriptions, namely the Batutulis inscription and the Kabantenan inscription. There it is written about how Sri Baduga Maharaha built all aspects of his royal life. The history is also told with rhymes and Babad stories.
The History of the Pajajaran Kingdom when it Collapsed
It is noted that the Pajajaran Kingdom collapsed in 1579. The collapse of Pajajaran was mostly caused by attacks carried out by the Sultanate of Banten. In addition, this collapse was marked by the throne or throne of the King called Palangka Sriman Sriwacana brought by Maulana Yusuf's troops from the Pajajaran Kingdom to the Surosowan Palace.
The carrying of the king's throne was carried out as a tradition as well as a sign that it was impossible for a new king to be crowned in the Kingdom of Pajajaran. In the end, it was Maulana Yusuf who ruled over the areas of the Sunda Kingdom. If you look at the former Surosowan Palace in Banten, you can see that there are ruins of the Sriman Sriwacana Cross which was brought by Maulana Yusuf. The stone ruins are called by the people of Banten as Watu Gilang which means radiant or shiny.