Understanding and Reasoning Methods According to Experts (Full Discussion)

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Understanding and Methods of Reasoning According to Experts (Full Discussion) – By nature, humans are equipped with curiosity. Curiosity in humans will always raise various kinds of questions. As a result, humans are also always trying to find answers to the questions that arise earlier. This curiosity will be fulfilled if humans gain new knowledge or are able to solve problems in response to their own questions.

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  • Understanding and Methods of Reasoning According to Experts (Full Discussion)
    • Characteristics of Reasoning
    • Reasoning Stages
    • Methods of Reasoning
      • 1. Deductive
      • 2. Inductive
      • 3. Scientific Approach (Combination of Deductive and Inductive)
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Understanding and Methods of Reasoning According to Experts (Full Discussion)

Usually humans always think when faced with many problems. However, not all problems compel us to think about them seriously. The activity of thinking about something seriously and logically is called reasoning.

Characteristics of Reasoning

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The following are the characteristics of reasoning:

  • There is a pattern of thinking that can be broadly called logic (reasoning is a logical thinking process).
  • The analytical nature of the thought process. Analysis is essentially an activity of thinking based on certain steps. Feeling intuition is a way of thinking analytically.

In detail, reasoning has the following characteristics:

  • Logical, a reasoning must meet logical elements, meaning that thoughts are weighed objectively and are based on valid data.
  • AnalyticalThis means that reasoning activities cannot be separated from a person's imaginative power in assembling, compiling or connecting the clues of his mind into a certain pattern.
  • Rational, meaning that what is being reasoned is a fact or reality that can indeed be thought deeply.

Reasoning Stages

according to John DeweyThe human reasoning process is carried out through the following stages:

  1. Difficulty arises, either in the form of adaptation to the tool, difficulty in recognizing the nature, or in explaining things that appear suddenly.
  2. Then the difficulty is given a definition in the form of a problem.
  3. A possible solution arises in the form of conjecture, hypothesis, inference or theory.
  4. Solution ideas are explained rationally through the formation of implications by collecting evidence (data).
  5. Strengthen the evidence of these ideas and conclude through statements or experiments.

Methods of Reasoning

Here are some reasoning methods.

1. Deductive

Deductive reasoning method is a method of thinking that applies general things first and then connected them in specific parts. It is a system of compiling known facts in order to reach a logical conclusion. In deductive reasoning, it is carried out through a series of statements called syllogisms and consists of several elements, namely:

  1. Main premise (major premise)
  2. Second rationale (minor premise)
  3. Conclusion

Example:
Major premise: All tenth grade high school students are required to take Sociology lessons.
Minor premise: Bob is a grade X high school student
Conclusion: Bob must attend Sociology lessons

2. Inductive

Inductive thinking method is a method used in thinking by starting from specific things to determine general conclusions. In this inductive reasoning, conclusions are drawn from a set of facts, events or statements of a general nature.

Example:
Proof 1: metal 1 when heated will expand
Proof 2: metal 2 when heated will expand
Proof 3: metal 3 when heated will expand
Conclusion: All metals when heated will expand.

Understanding and Reasoning Methods According to Experts

3. Scientific Approach (Combination of Deductive and Inductive)

The scientific approach to thinking is reasoning that combines deductive thinking with inductive thinking. In the scientific approach, reasoning is accompanied by a hypothesis.

For example, if a student has eaten a large portion of breakfast before leaving for school, he will not starve until the end of class. Deductively, it will be concluded that every child who eats a lot will not get hungry quickly.

To answer a case like this, we ask the question why is a student hungry so quickly? For this reason, we propose a hypothesis that students will get hungry quickly if the food they eat does not meet the nutritional standards and the energy produced by the food is small. Then we inductively test to find out whether the test results support or not support the proposed hypothesis.

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