Kutai Kingdom: Founder, Lineage, Heyday and

The Kutai Kingdom: Founder, Lineage, Its Heyday and Fall and Legacy – How is the history of the Kutai kingdom located in Kalimantan? On this occasion About Knowledge.co.id will discuss the kingdom of Kutai and other things that surround it. Let's take a look at the discussion in the article below to better understand it.

Kutai Kingdom: Founder, Genealogy, Heyday and Collapse and Legacy

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The founder of the Kutai Kingdom was Aswawarman. So he got the title Wangsakerta which means forming the royal family. In addition, King Aswawarman also received the title as Dewa Ansuman which means the Sun God. The awarding of this title is also mentioned in the stupa of the Kutai Kingdom.

However, in some stories it is also mentioned that the founder of the Kutai Kingdom was Kudungga. There is no authentic information that mentions who the founder of this kingdom was. According to experts, Kudungga's position at that time was the chief of the Kutai tribe.

The Kutai kingdom is included in the category of one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. It is estimated that this kingdom has existed since the 5th century AD or ± 400 AD and was built from the 4th century AD with the evidence found in the form of seven Yupa inscriptions that strengthen the theory of the existence of the kingdom that.

The inscription is inscribed with Pallawa letters in Sanskrit in the form of poetry. The Yupa inscription also includes the oldest inscription which states that the oldest Hindu kingdom has been established, namely the Kutai Kingdom. This Yupa is in the form of a stone monument that serves as a memorial made by the Brahmins for the generosity of King Mulawarman.

In Yupa it is mentioned that Mulawarman was a very good and strong king. Mulawarman is the son of Aswawarman and the grandson of King Kudungga who has given 20,000 cows to the Brahmins.

King Aswawarman is mentioned like Dewa Ansuman (God of the Sun). He has three children including Mulawarman who is famous as the greatest king in this kingdom. King Mulawarman embraced Hinduism and had a holy place called Waprakeswara.

The Kutai Kingdom is located on the banks of the Mahakam River, precisely located in Muarakaman District, Kutai, East Kalimantan. The area is a very wide area, even the Kutai Kingdom almost controls the entire territory of Kalimantan

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Kutai Kingdom Lineage

Kudungga was the founder of the Kutai Kingdom as well as the first king there. He has a son named Aswawarman. Aswawarman has a son named Mulawarman. Kudungga is the original name of the Indonesian people who have not been mixed by any culture. At first, the position of Kudungga was the chief of the tribe.

But over time, Hindu influence entered and then Kudungga changed the structure of his government into a kingdom. And after that he changed his position as a king, which was then the succession of the king was carried out from generation to generation.
The Kings who once ruled in the Kutai Kingdom, here is the complete genealogy:

• Maharaja Kudungga, posthumous title Dewawarman (founder)
• Maharaja Aswawarman (son of Kundungga)
• Maharaja Mulawarman (son of Aswawarman)
• Maharaja Marawijaya Warman
• Maharaja Gajayana Warman
• Maharaja Tungga Warman
• Maharaja Jayanaga Warman
• Maharaja Nalasinga Warman
• Maharaja Nala Parana Tungga
• Maharaja Gadingga Warman Dewa
• Maharaja Indra Warman Dewa
• Maharaja Sangga Warman Dewa
• Maharaja Chandrawarman
• Maharaja of Sri Lanka Gods
• Maharaja Guna Parana Dewa
• Maharaja Wijaya Warman
• Maharaja Sri Aji Dewa
• Maharaja Noble Son
• Maharaja Nala Pandita
• Maharaja Indra Paruta Dewa
• Maharaja Dharma Faithful

Meanwhile, in the XIII century, at the mouth of the Mahakam River, there was a Javanese Hindu-style Kingdom, namely the Kutai Kertanegara Kingdom which was founded by one of the dignitaries of the Kingdom. Singasari named Raden Kusuma who later had the title Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti and married Putri Karang Melenu so that later he gave birth to a son named Aji Batara Agung. Your Majesty Nira.

The process of assimilation (unification) of the two kingdoms began in the XIII century with the implementation of a political marriage between Aji Batara Agung Paduka Nira, who married Putri Indra Perwati Dewi was a princess from Guna Perana Tungga, one of the dynasty of King Mulawarman (Martadipura), but did not succeed in uniting the two kingdoms. that. Only in the XVI century through the great war between the kingdoms of Kutai Kertanegara during the reign of Aji Prince Sinum Panji Ing with the Kingdom of Kutai Mulawarman (Martadipura) during the reign of King Darma Loyal.

In the battle, King Darma Setia was defeated and died at the hands of King Kutai Kertanegara Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji, who later succeeded in uniting the two Kutai kingdoms. so that the territory became very wide and the name of the kingdom changed to the Kingdom of Kutai Kertanegara Ing Martadipura which then lowered the dynasty of the kings of Kutai Kertanegara until now.

The historical literature states that from the XIII century to 1960 who became the King (sultan) of the Swapraja Region (Kingdom of Kutai Kertanegara) based on the year of his reign were as follows:

• 1300 – 1325 Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti
• 1350 – 1370 Aji Batara Agung, Your Majesty Nira
• 1370 – 1420 Aji Maharaja Sultan
• 1420 – 1475 Aji Raja Mandarsyah
• 1475 – 1525 Aji Prince Tumenggung Jaya Baya (Aji Raja Puteri)
• 1525 – 1600 Aji the Crown King
• 1600 – 1605 Aji is violated
• 1605 – 1635 Aji Pangeran Sinum Panji Mendopo
• 1635 – 1650 Aji Prince Dipati Agung
• 1650 – 1685 Aji Mejo Kesumo Performances Page
• 1685 – 1700 Aji Begi the title Aji Ratu Agung
• 1700 – 1730 Aji Dipati Tua Performances
• 1730 – 1732 Aji Prince Dipati Anum Panji Pendopo
• 1732 – 1739 Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris
• 1739 – 1782 Aji Imbut the title of Sultan Muhammad Muslihuddin
• 1782 – 1850 Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehuddin
• 1850 – 1899 Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman
• 1899 – 1915 Sultan Aji Alimuddin
• 1915 – 1960 Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit
• 1960 – present, Sultan Haji Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II

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Kutai Kingdom Community Life

Based on the contents of the Kutai inscriptions, it can be seen that in the 4th century AD in the Kutai area there was an Indonesian society who had received a lot of Hindu influence. The community has been able to establish an empire that is neatly organized according to the pattern of government in India. Indonesian people accept elements from outside and develop them according to the traditions of the Indonesian nation

Cultural Life

The cultural life of the Kutai people is as follows:

• The Kutai people are people who maintain the roots of the cultural traditions of their ancestors.
• A society that is very responsive to changes and cultural progress.
• Uphold the religious spirit in its cultural life.
• The Kutai community is also a society that responds to changes and cultural progress.
  This is evidenced by the willingness of the Kutai people to accept and adapt foreign culture (India) into people's lives.

Apart from that, the Kutai people are known as people who uphold the religious spirit in their cultural life. The mention of Brahmins as spiritual leaders and religious rituals in the yupa-inscriptions they wrote confirms this conclusion.

Economic life

Economic life in the Kutai Kingdom can be seen from the following two things:

The geographical location of the Kutai Kingdom is on the trade route between China and India. The Kutai Kingdom became an attractive place for traders to stop by. This shows that trading activities have become part of the life of the Kutai people, in addition to agriculture.
Written information on the inscription says that King Mulawarman once gave his wealth in the form of oil and 20,000 cows to the Brahmins.

Political Life

Since the emergence and development of Hindu influence in East Kalimantan, there has been a change in governance, namely from a tribal government system to a king or feudal government system. The kings who once ruled the Kutai kingdom are as follows:

Kudungga. This king is the Founding Father of the Kutai kingdom, there is something unique about the name of this first king, because the name Kudungga is a local name or a name that has not been influenced by Hindu culture. This then gave birth to the perception of experts that during the reign of King Kudungga, Hindu influence had just entered the archipelago, Kudungga's position was originally a tribal chief.

With the entry of Hindu influence, he changed the structure of his government into a kingdom and appointed himself king, so that the succession of kings was carried out from generation to generation.
Aswawarman. The Yupa inscription states that King Aswawarman was a capable and strong king. During his reign, the territory of the Kutai Kingdom was expanded again. This is evidenced by the implementation of the Asmawedha ceremony.

These ceremonies were performed in India during the reign of king Samudragupta, when he wanted to expand his territory. In the ceremony, the horse was released with the aim of determining the limits of the power of the Kutai kingdom. In other words, until where the hoof of a horse is found, then that is where the boundary of the Kutai kingdom is. The release of the horses was followed by the soldiers of the Kutai kingdom.
Mulawarman. This king is the son of king Aswawarman, he brought the Kutai Kingdom to the peak of glory. During his reign, Kutai experienced a glorious period. People live in peace and prosperity. With such circumstances, King Mulawarman finally held a ceremony for offering a lot of gold.

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The heyday of the Kutai Kingdom

The discovery of the inscription or yupa in Muara Kaman is one proof that the life of the Kutai Kingdom was very prosperous and prosperous. The glory of the Kutai Kingdom dimmed when it was under the leadership of the Kudungga Dynasty.

This happened when big kingdoms such as Majapahit and Singosari were experiencing glorious times. Since then, there are no more stories about the life of the Kutai Kingdom under the Kudungga Dynasty. Kudungga comes from the Kingdom of Campa in Cambodia.

Aswawarman who is the son of Kudungga is believed to be the first king in the Kurtai Martadipura Kingdom as Wangsakerta. However, in some historical records there are also those who consider Kudungga as the first king of the Kutai Kingdom.

After King Aswawarman, the milestone of the leadership of the Kutai Kingdom was given to King Mulawarman. King Mulawarman is the son of King Aswawarman. During the reign of King Mulawarman, the kingdom reached its heyday.

This happened because of his wisdom and attention to religious matters. King Mulawarman gave gifts in the form of gold, land, and cattle fairly to the Brahmins. In addition, he also held alms ceremonies in places that are considered sacred or Waprakeswara. During the reign of King Mulawarman, the people also greatly respected their king by holding a feast for the safety of the king. Evidence of the greatness of King Mulawarman is also contained in the writings on the inscription monument.

The Mulawarman inscription consists of seven Yupa. The inscription contains anustub poetry. However, of the seven inscriptions, only four Yupa have been successfully read and translated.

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The Fall of the Kutai Kingdom

The kingdom of Kutai ended when the King of Kutai named Maharaja Dharma Setia died in a battle at the hands of the 13th King of Kutai Kartanegara, Aji Pangeran Anum Panji Mendapa. Keep in mind that this Kutai (Kutai Martadipura) is different from the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara whose capital was first located in Kutai Lama (Tanjung Kute).

This Kutai Kartanegara, in 1365, is mentioned in the Javanese literature Negarakertagama. Kutai Kartanegara later became an Islamic kingdom called the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate. Kingdom.

Since 1735 the kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara which was originally the king with the title Prince changed to the title Sultan (Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris) and until now it is called the Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara.

Also Read Articles That May Be Related: The History of the Singasari Kingdom: The Beginning, The King's Lineage, The Heyday

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Relics of the Kutai Kingdom

Kutai Kingdom Historical Relics In today's 21st century, several historical relics of the Kingdom peninggalan We can still find Kutai at the Mulawarman Museum which is located in Tenggarong City, Kutai Kartanegara.

The following are objects that are historical relics from the Kutai Kingdom.

The helmet of the Sultan of Kutai

Ketopong Sultan is the crown of the king of the Kutai Kingdom made of gold and weighs 1.98 kg. Until now, this crown is still neatly stored in the Jakarta National Museum. This crown was found around 1890 which is located in the Muara Kaman area, Kutai Kartanegara. As for the Mulawarman Museum, there are also displays of the imitation Sultan's Helmet.

Uncal Necklace

This is a gold necklace that weighs 170 grams with a pendant with the relief of the Ramayana story. This Uncal necklace is one of the attributes of the Kutai Kingdom used by the Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara since Kutai Martadipura could be colonized and conquered. According to expert examination, this Uncal Necklace is thought to have come from India. Until now, there were only two Uncal Necklaces in this world. The first is located in India and the second is in the Mulawarman Museum, Tenggarong City.

Ciwa Necklace

The Ciwa necklace is one of the historical relics from the Kutai Kingdom which was found during the leadership of Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman. This necklace was discovered by residents around Lake Centipede, Muara Kaman in 1890. Until now, this Ciwa Necklace is still worn as a royal jewelry which is also used by the king when there is a party for the appointment of the king new.

Sword of the Sultan of Kutai

This sword is made of solid gold. On the hilt of the sword there is a carving of a tiger animal that is getting ready to pounce on its enemy. While the tip of the scabbard is decorated with carvings of a crocodile animal. The sword of the Sultan of Kutai is still there and is maintained to this day. This sword can be found at the Jakarta National Museum.

Golden Tortoise

This golden turtle is one of the historical relics of the Kutai Kingdom which is now in the Mulawarman Museum. This thing is the size of half a fist. According to information data available at the Mulawarman Museum, this object was found in the Lonh Lalang area, precisely in the upper reaches of the Mahakam River. According to historical stories, this is also one of the items presented by a prince who came from the Kingdom of China and was given to Princess Sultai Kutai named Aji Bidara White. The prince gave a variety of unique objects to prove his sincerity to marry the princess of the kingdom.

Keris Hill

Keris Bukit has a very close relationship with the empress Aji Putri Karang Melenu. The Empress Aji Putri Karang Melenu is not only the wife of King Kutai Kartanegara but also the owner of the Keris Bukit.

The reason is that the empress is a baby girl who was found in a gong that was washed away in a bamboo hall found by local residents. Uniquely, in the gong there is not only a baby girl but also a chicken egg and a keris which is now named the Bukit keris.

Yellow Mosquito Net

There is a bit of a mystical story in it, this yellow mosquito net contains items from the Kutai Kingdom which have magical powers.

Especially in Kelambu Kuning where this power serves to avoid the occurrence of calamities that can be caused.

Kang Hill Kris

The kris of the hill Kang is the kris used by Empress Aji Putri Karang Melenu or the empress of the first Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara to fight the enemies. This keris is remembered as the Bukit Kang Keris.

Juwita Rope

Juwita rope is a rope made of 21 strands of thread. Usually the rope is used during the Bepelas traditional ceremony in progress.

This Juwita rope shows the symbols of seven estuaries and three tributaries. The rivers depicted on the rope are the Kelinjau River, the Kedang Pahu River, and the Belayan River.

King's Seat

The king's seat is a historical relic from the Kutai Kingdom which used to be a stop there from the reigning kings.

Now the seat has been stored and is well maintained in the Mulawarman Museum.

Kutai Kingdom cannon

The Kutai royal cannon was a powerful defensive weapon at that time. Until now, there are still 4 cannons that are maintained, namely the Gentar Bumi Cannon, the Sweeping Jagat Cannon, the Sri Gunung Cannon and the Aji Entong Cannon.

Chinese Ancient Ceramics

Ancient Chinese ceramics are estimated by experts to come from a dynasty in the ancient Chinese empire that had been found buried around the Centipede lake. This proves that the Kutai kingdom and also the Chinese empire had close trade relations in the past.

Gamelan Elephant Prawoto

Stored in the Mulawarman Museum, this gamelan is said to have come from the island of Java which is included in the heritage of the Kutai Kingdom.

Majapahit Kingdom Wall

The Pahit Kingdom Wall is one of the oldest relics of the Majapahit Kingdom which is included in one of the relics of the Kutai Kingdom.

Yupa Inscription

And this inscription is a relic of the oldest Kutai Kingdom and the first inscription owned by the kingdom. This historical object is the strongest evidence of the existence of a Hindu kingdom, one of the largest in Indonesia, which is located in the Kalimantan area.

The Kutai Kingdom is estimated to have existed in the 5th century AD, this is evidenced by the discovery of 7 Yupa (inscriptions) in the form of stone pillars) written in Pallawa letters and Sanskrit originating from India who are familiar with Hindu. Yupa has 3 main functions, namely as inscriptions, animal binding poles for religious sacrifice ceremonies, and a symbol of the greatness of the king.

From the writing on the yupa, the name of the king of Kundungga is estimated to be the original name of Indonesia, but the successor is like Aswawarman, Mulawarman shows the name taken from the name of India and the ceremony he carries out is aimed at religious ceremonial activities Hindu. From there we can conclude that Hindu culture has entered the Kutai Kingdom.

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