92 Kinds of Figures and Examples

July 06, 2021
InLanguage Style Language Style Type Of Figure Of Speech Type Of Figure Of Speech Figure Of Speech Figure Of Speech

Hearing the word "majas" some language users will understand that the word is a form of language style used to flatter and satirize a certain person or party. Some may also send their memories to the past, when figurative language material was taught in high school.

At this time, figure of speech became linguistic material that must be included in the education curriculum (since 2013). Thus, it is important for educators, academics, students, and people who like language to understand the use of figure of speech and its functions related to the reaction of the interlocutor.

The following describes specifically about figure of speech and its types and uses in language properly and correctly.

Meaning of Majas

Majas is one of the language materials used by language users in Indonesia. Majas is defined as a way of describing something by equating it with something else; figure of speech (KBBI, 2016). Thus, in short, figure of speech is interpreted as a category of language style that shows figuratively, with the intention of beautifying the arrangement of sentences so as to make an impression on the interlocutor or the reader.

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For language users who are also connoisseurs of linguistic works, figure of speech is an absolute must in every work. Literature lovers, for example, prioritize the use of figurative language as the main supporting factor so that the resulting work has an imaginative impression for the reader.

In Indonesian, figure of speech is often used in several works literature such as poetry, short stories, rhymes and novels. Therefore, lovers of literary works and those who struggle in the world of language must understand the diversity of figure of speech in Indonesian. In the following review, we will discuss the classification of figure of speech in Indonesian.

Classification of Majas

Based on the classification, the kinds of figurative language or figurative language styles are divided into four categories including, comparative figure of speech; conflicting figure of speech; satire figure of speech; and affirmation figure of speech. The four categories of figure of speech are still further divided into several derivative figures of speech which will be explained in the following review.

1. Comparison

Comparative figure of speech is a figure of speech (figurative language) that expresses a comparison. The comparison process is expressed in different ways, depending on the language user (speaker).

There are various kinds of comparisons, including:

1.1. Association figure of speech (parable)

Simile figure of speech is expressed with the intention of making a comparison of two things that are absolutely different, but are considered the same. The use of this figure of speech is usually marked with the word like; tub; as; like; like.

Examples of Association Figures :

His character is hard as a rock
His stance is strong as a rock
Reaching for that dream, like a hump missing the moon
The faces of the Lina-Lani twins are like betel nut cut in half
Her face is pure white like milk

1.2. Metaphor

Metaphor is a style of language that provides an analogical comparison expression. The use of metaphorical figure of speech is marked by the use of words that have no real meaning, such as word right hand; village flowers; class star.

Example of Metaphor Maj :

Some of the work has been done well by Mr. Bobi's right hand.
Winda is a flower village in this village, naturally many young men who want to marry her.
Ardi's achievement, who has always been the star of the class, made his mother even more proud.
The lion is strong, so it deserves to be called the king of the jungle
It's only natural that all residents are made to be Mr. Bowo's accomplices, they are easy to ask for help from the richest man

1.3. Personification

Personification figure of speech is a figure of speech that gives rise to human characteristics to inanimate objects, so that inanimate objects seem to have a life like humans.

Some words that include personification figure of speech include, whispering wind; dancing pen; the sky is crying.

Example of Personification :

The wind that whispers seems to convey your message to me, Dad.
The writer skillfully imagines with a pen dancing on the paper.
The sky is crying with some of the disasters that have hit Indonesia recently.
Waves running around adds to the exotic Lovina beach
His mind must be drifting all over the place because of the many problems lately

1.4. Allegory

Allegory figure of speech is a comparative figure of speech related to one another. Allegory figure of speech is more often found in some paragraph in literary works such as short stories or novels. The use of allegorical figure of speech is characterized by disclosure in story full of morally charged symbols.

Example of allegory figure of speech:

Caring for a child is like caring for a tree. When watering it with good fertilizer, its growth will also be good, so that it bears sweet fruit.
A teacher is the master of his students. When the captain is on the right track, the steering wheel will be calm
Keeping a good name is like taking care of a white paper, just a little bit of a dot there will definitely be obvious
Indeed, Aisyah looks beautiful, like a rose her charm bewitches the male beetles around her
Like a kitchen utensil, treat the brain like a knife. The more often it is sharpened, the sharper it will be

1.5. Symbolic figure of speech

Symbolic figure of speech is a style of language that describes something using other objects, comparisons of animals or plants.

Example of symbolic figure of speech :

Because he often owes money to loan sharks, this year it is certain that his shop is bankrupt.
The luxury house at the end of Jalan Surapati was sold out last night by the red rooster.
The name land crocodile attached to Andi makes it difficult for him to approach the heart of the woman of his dreams
The richer the building entrepreneur is, the more his employees have iron horse muscles
his behavior is like a chameleon, never has a stand

1.6. Metonymic figure of speech

Metonymy figure of speech is a figure of speech that uses the label of a trademark to replace the object in a sentence.

Examples of Metonymy Figure :

The old man with asthma is still smoking Djarum (cigarettes).
Usually Dad brings Aqua as a lunch for morning exercise.
Bibi flew by Garuda to Surabaya
Ship Fire it's really delicious if it's brewed in the afternoon
Every time he watches television, he doesn't forget to prepare his favorite Two Rabbits.

1.7. Synecdoche

Synecdox is a figure of speech that mentions a part to replace the whole, or vice versa. Synecdoche figure of speech consists of from There are two categories, namely pars pro toto figure of speech, which mentions part of the whole and totem pro parte figure of speech, namely figure of speech which mentions the whole for part.

Example of Synecdoche :

Tickets for the overseas band's concert were sold for Rp. 200,000. per head.
The fake lawyer's nose has not yet been seen in the courtroom.
Reportedly, every pregnant woman for this year will receive Rp. 1,200,000 per person.
The price of tuna in the market is only increasing, yesterday it has reached Rp. 100,000 per head.

Examples of using Totem pro parte in sentences:

POLRI personnel are already on standby to guard the demonstrators who were about to demonstrate this morning.
Members of Darma Wanita Buleleng are preparing a cooking competition to commemorate Mother's Day.
The German squad was defeated by Portugal in the semifinal match last night.
Our village won the betel nut climbing competition in the village.

1.8. Simile

Simile figure of speech is a figure of speech that uses prepositions and conjunctions to explain explicit comparisons.

Example of Simile:

Mentally tough as steel, making him even more idealistic.
Just like an eel's behavior, agile everywhere.
Their closeness is like a happy couple.
The presence of a mother in a family is like the moonlight that illuminates the dark night.
Two brothers and sisters are like water and oil, fighting is their job.

2. Controversy

Style language Satire is the use of figure of speech as an expression to state something that is contrary to the actual situation.

Contradictory figure of speech is categorized into several types, including antithesis figure of speech; paradoxical figure of speech; hyperbole figure of speech; and litotes figure of speech. In the following review, the four categories of figure of speech in opposition will be explained.

2.1. Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses two opposite words to express a contradiction.

Examples of Antithesis Figures:

Young or old can join the march to commemorate the independence of the Republic of Indonesia.
For representatives Indonesia in the sea games, winning or losing is not a problem because the main thing is experience.
We can't judge someone's good or bad from appearance alone.
Beautiful or ugly a woman can be seen from the way she uses her heart.
The breadth or narrowness of the sustenance depends on our efforts at work.

2.2. Paradox

Paradox is a type of figure of speech that expresses a statement about two things that seem contradictory, but sometimes there is also some truth.

Example of a paradox:

It could be a dangerous place is the safest place.
He could only smile, even though his heart was crying when he lost his best friend.
Even in the hustle and bustle of the city, he still feels alone after losing his only child.
Without the presence of the baby, it is clear that the household will feel lonely even though it is celebrating happiness lively.

2.3. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that is often used by some language users to express contradictions. Hyperbole figure of speech is characterized by exaggerated statements and goes beyond the existing reality.

Example of hyperbole :

Tears welled up in her eyes when she met her biological father who had left her for ten years.
His heart must have been cut into pieces when he heard that insult.
His voice was so booming when he was a member ceremony last week.
His old age made his grandfather's health decline, now his body is only skin and bones.
Hearing the news of the fraud, his father became angry and burned his anger at the household.

2.4. Majas Litotes

Litotes figure of speech is a figure of speech that expresses something by lowering oneself from the actual reality. This is due to respect for the interlocutor.

Example of Litotes :

Luckily, the Regent was willing to stop by my hut.
I'm just a villager, it's natural to feel proud to be able to go to school in the city.
Only water can we serve you.
Don't ask stupid people like us.

2.5. Anachronism

Anachronism is a figure of speech of opposition which is characterized by the emergence of a discrepancy between the event and the time of the incident.

Examples of anachronisms:

If only the war soldiers of the Majapahit kingdom used a gun when fighting, maybe history would be different now.
It is possible that the Baratayudha war would not have ended like that if only GPS had been used by then.

2.6. Majas Oxymoron

Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which each part of the sentence expresses the opposite.

Example of oxymoron figure of speech:

Wealth can make you happy, but wealth can also bring suffering.
Science will make you smart, but science can fool you if you apply it wrong.

3. satire

Satire figure of speech is style language used by speakers of the language with the intention of satirizing the interlocutor or third party.

Some of which are included in the various types of satire figure of speech are: irony figure of speech; cynicism figure of speech; and sarcasm.

3.1. irony

Irony figure of speech is characterized by the appearance of satire expressions by speakers that contradict the actual situation.

Example of ironic figure of speech :

You are very diligent, in broad daylight you just woke up.
Your hairstyle is so beautiful, that I refuse to copy it.
This food is so delicious that my son can't finish eating it.
The good the costume you wear, it must be cheap.

3.2. Cynicism

Cynicism is a figure of speech that is used with the intention of being sarcastic indirectly. Cynicism is expressed using less polite vocabulary. (read: the meaning of cynicism)

Example of Cynicism:

Your behavior does not reflect your graduate education.
Can't you write better, your writing is like someone who can just use a pencil.

3.3. Sarcasm

Sarcasm is the rudest satire. The use of this figure of speech is often intended to intentionally hurt the interlocutor.

Example of sarcasm figure of speech:

The swollen elephant shouldn't be here!
Just throw that old photo of yours, I'm sick of seeing it!

4. Affirmation

Called affirmation figure of speech, then its main function is to emphasize to the interlocutor on something. Affirmation figure of speech intends to create an idealistic and sometimes provocative impression to the listener.

Some figure of speech that is classified into various kinds of affirmation figure of speech include, pleonasm; repetitions; parallelism; tautology; climax; anti climax; and rhetoric.

4.1. Pleonasm figure of speech

Pleonasm is an affirmation figure of speech that is marked by the use of denotative words (the meaning is clear), but is emphasized again in the next sentence.

Examples of Pleonasm Sage :

Come on Ardi, it's your turn to come forward to read poetry this.
If only he had dared to enter the principal's office, his sentence would have been lighter.

4.2. Repetition

Repetition figure of speech is a figure of speech that uses repeated words in one sentence. Repetition can be in words, phrases, or clauses. This is because repetition figure of speech intends to give emphasis.

Example of repetition figure of speech:

Now, right now, this very second I have to start turning into an adult.
Bung Karno is an example, Bung Karno is a role model, Bung Karno is a role model for all of us.

4.3. Parallelism

Parallelism is a figure of speech that repeats itself in one sentence and is arranged in different word lines. Parallelism is commonly found in literary works of poetry.

Example of Parallelism:

This sunset is so sweet
This sunset is so beautiful
This twilight is very impressive
His face is handsome
Her face is so charming
Her face is so pretty

4.4. Tautology

Tautology is an affirmation figure of speech which is characterized by the repetition of synonyms.

Example of a tautology figure of speech:

You should be strong and tough to face every problem.
Change your thinking, you shouldn't let your heart be cold, let alone frozen.

4.5. Majas Climax

Climax figure of speech is a figure of speech that expresses things in a row and is increasing over time.

Example of Climax Figure:

From childhood to adulthood, his hobby of fishing is still maintained.
Lecturers, Kajur, and even the Dean should be able to resolve internal disputes between students.

4.6. Anticlimax Maj

Anticlimax is a figure of speech that is the opposite of climax. Anticlimactic is marked by the emergence of successive words decreasing.

Examples of anticlimactic figure of speech:

If only the Camat, Lurah, and even RT were able to socialize well, surely art performances in our area could run smoothly.
Don't just talk about the state, it should be the responsibility of all citizens from provinces, cities to villages.

4.7. Rhetoric

Rhetoric figure of speech is a figure of speech whose use can be seen in sentence a question that does not require an answer.

Rhetoric figure of speech:

Should I teach elementary school material to all of you who are already students?

4.8. Ellipsis

Ellipsis figure of speech is a figure of speech that removes elements in a sentence

Example of an ellipsis figure of speech:

Mother goes to the market (predicate “shopping” is omitted)
Father to the office (predicate "go" omitted)

4.9. Correctional Majas

Correctional figure of speech is a figure of speech expressed by speakers to attract attention by refuting the previous sentence and bringing up a new sentence as justification.

Correctional figure of speech example:

Actually it's been almost six years, sorry, it looks like it's been more than six years our family has lived on this state-owned land.

4.10. Inversion

Inversion figure of speech is a figure of speech in which there is a change in the arrangement of words in a sentence.

Example of inversion figure of speech:

My father is a lawyer, my father's lawyer.
My mother is a math teacher, my mother's math teacher.
He's a Doctor, a doctor he is.
His life is now suffering, suffering is now his life.

4.11. Interruption

Interrupt figure of speech is a figure of speech that is marked by the appearance of additional information on each element of the sentence.

Example of an interrupt:

The woman who had been here earlier, wearing a red jacket and a backpack filled with lots of make-up equipment, turned out to be a doctor. Unexpectedly, he looks like a teenager today.