The Elements of Poetry and Its Structure

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, what is meant by poetry or is a variety of literature whose language is bound by rhythm, dimension, rhyme, and the arrangement of lines and stanzas. Poetry is also defined as rhyme or composition in a language whose form is carefully selected and arranged so that it sharpens people's awareness of experiences and generate specific responses through the arrangement of sounds, rhythms, and sounds special meaning. Usually poetry is made to express the author's thoughts and feelings by prioritizing the beauty of words.

Elements of Poetry

Poetry is formed or constructed with elements of poetry as follows.

1. Theme

The theme of the poem refers to the main idea expressed by the poet through his poetry. Generally, the theme of poetry is specific, objective, and straightforward. The themes that are often found in poetry are the theme of humanity, divinity, lovepatriotism, anxiety, life failure, social criticism, solidarity, democracy, nature, justice and struggle.

2. Tone and atmosphere

The next element of poetry is the tone and mood of the soul. Through his poetry, the poet expresses his attitude to the reader so as to create a poetic atmosphere. From this tone and atmosphere, poetry becomes like teaching, advising, entertaining, and so on.

3. Feeling

Poetry is an expression of the poet's feelings. The feelings that animate poetry can be feelings of sadness, joy, emotion, offense, isolation, pride, heartbreak, loneliness, fear, and so on.

4. Mandate

The message is the message that the poet wants to convey to the reader. Usually, the message is formulated by the reader himself.

5. Figure of speech

Figures or figures of speech or language style according to the Big Indonesian Dictionary are ways of describing something by equating it with something else. Figures in poetry are used to create a certain impression for the listener or reader. There is all kinds of figure of speech which are often used in poetry to create a certain impression for the reader, among them are figure of speech comparison, contradiction, repetition, and linkage.

a. Comparison

Kinds of comparison figure of speech are as follows.

• Simile or simile is a figure of speech that compares two things that are essentially different and we deliberately consider the same. The comparison is explicitly explained by the use of the word like, as, like, like, like, like, like, as if, and similar. Example: Life is like a spinning wheel, sometimes up and sometimes down.
• Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things that are implicitly different. Metaphors are almost the same as parables, the difference is that in metaphor, comparisons are carried out directly without using words. like, as, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, and similar. Examples of metaphorical figure of speech: Tono is the trash of society in village this.
• Personification is a figure of speech that attaches human qualities to inanimate objects or to abstract ideas. The use of personification figure of speech can provide clarity and concrete imagery. Example of personification figure of speech: A gust of wind caresses her beautiful hair.
• allegorical figure of speech is story which symbolizes other things or other events. Allegory can be said to be a continued metaphor. So, understanding allegorical figure of speech must be from the whole text.

b. Controversy

All kinds of conflicting figures of speech are as follows.

• hyperbole is a figure of speech that expresses something excessively in terms of quantity, size, and characteristics. The goal is to get a more thorough attention from the reader. Example of hyperbole: Garbage in the city of Bandung is piled up as high as a mountain.
• litotes is a figure of speech that states something by reducing or weakening something and stating the opposite. Example of litotes figure of speech: Stop by our humble hut.
• irony According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, it is a figure of speech that expresses a meaning that is contrary to the real meaning, for example with express a meaning that is opposite to the actual meaning and the discrepancy between the atmosphere presented and the reality that is presented underlying it. This is meant to provide satire. Irony can turn to cynicism and sarcasm with the appearance of harsher words. Example of irony: You come to school very diligently, the bell rang two hours ago.

c. repetition

Kinds of repetition figure of speech are as follows.

• alliterationis a figure of speech that uses words with the same initial sound.
• Repetition is a figure of speech that contains the repetition of the same word or group of words many times.

d. Linkage

The various types of linkages include the following.

• Metonymy figure of speech According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, it is a figure of speech in the form of the use of characteristic names or names of things that are linked to people, goods, or other things as their substitutes. Examples of metonymy figure of speech: He is studying Chairil Anwar mean examines the work of Chairil Anwar.
  
• Synecdoche according to the Big Indonesian Dictionary is a figure of speech linking which mentions the name of the part in place of the name of the whole or pars pro toto. Another meaning is linking figure of speech which mentions the whole name in lieu of the part name or bagian totem pro parte. Synecdoche is also interpreted as a linking figure of speech that mentions names ingredient as a substitute for the name of the item made from that material. Synecdoche figure of speech is used to express events directly from the source so as to give rise to a more concrete picture.
• Euphemism According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, it is a more subtle expression as a substitute for an expression that is felt to be rude, which is considered detrimental, or which is unpleasant. Euphemism is related to the positive connotation of a word. Example: jobless is a subtle form fromunemployment.
• alusio is a figure of speech that refers indirectly to an event or character based on the presupposition of existence shared knowledge possessed by the author and reader and the reader's ability to catch references that. Example of alusio figure of speech: Tugu Dasasila Bandung reminds us of the events of the Asian-African Conference.

6. Rhythm

According to the Great Dictionary of Languages IndonesiaRhythm in poetry means the strains that occur because of the repetition and alternation of sound units in a long stream of short sounds, loud and soft pressure, and high and low notes. In poetry, rhythm serves to give the soul to words so that they can evoke certain emotions such as sadness, disappointment, anger, longing, and happiness.

8. Use of words-word connotation

The word connotation is a word that means not actually. The word has undergone additions, both based on the experience, impression, and imagination, and feelings of the poet.

9. Symbolic words

A symbol or symbol is something like a picture, sign, or word that expresses a certain purpose. The symbols express certain meanings that can be understood by the general public.

10. Imagination

Imagination is a word or arrangement of words that can cause delusion or imagination. With the power of imagination, the reader seems to feel, hear, or see something that is expressed by the poet. With the words used by the poet, it is as if the reader hears sounds (auditive imagination), sees objects (visual imagination), or feels and touches objects (tactile imagination).

Poetry Structure

The elements that make up the poem above can be grouped into two kinds of poetry structure, namely the physical structure and the inner structure. In other words, the structure of poetry refers to two kinds of poetry elements, namely the physical structure and the inner structure.

1. Physical structure

What is meant by physical structure poetry are the elements that form or construct poetry from the outside, such as diction or word choice, imagination, concrete words, figure of speech, rhyme, and typography.

• Diction or word choice. Poems are formed using carefully selected words. The choice of words is also related to the meaning, the arrangement of sounds, as well as the relationship between one word and another in its lines and stanzas.
  
• Imagination. What is meant by imagination is a word or arrangement of words that can give rise to certain imaginations such as visual imagination, auditive imagination, and tactile imagination.
  
• Concrete words. The use of concrete words is closely related to imagination. In a sense, the reader's imagination can be generated by using concrete and clear words so that the reader can clearly imagine what the poet meant.
  
• Figure of speech. figure of speech or stylelanguage or figurative language is the language used by poets to say something by comparing, analogizing or equating something with another.
  
• Rhythm and rhythm. What is meant by rhyme is the repetition of sounds in poetry that make poetry beautiful. In addition to rhyme, there is a term that refers to the repetition of a word, phrase or rhyme sentence in poetry. Both rhyme and rhythm make poetry more beautiful and meaningful.
  
• Typography. Typography or facial expression in poetry refers to the visual form of poetry that distinguishes it from other literary works. Usually, poetry is written with reference to certain arrangements such as the presence of lines, stanzas, the number of words in each stanza, and the way of writing.
  

2. Inner structure

The inner structure of poetry is the elements that make up or build poetry from within which includes themes, feelings, tone and atmosphere, and messages.

• Theme refers to the main ideas of the poet in his poetry such as the theme of God, social justice, humanity, people's sovereignty, patriotism, or social justice.
• Feeling refers to the feelings expressed by the poet, such as anxiety, longing, sadness, and so on.
• Poetry tone refers to the attitude of the poet to the reader, for example advising, patronizing, sarcastic, mocking, or straightforward in telling something to the reader.
• Atmosphere refers to the state of the reader's soul after reading the poem.
• Mandate refer to message which the poet will convey through his poetry.

Thus a brief review of the elements that make up poetry and its structure. Other readable articles related to poetry or works literature others of which are difference between poetry and rhyme, types of poetry, types of old poetry, new types of poetry, types of contemporary poetry, types of poems, new kinds of poetry based on its content, new kinds of poetry based on its shape, example of short poetry, examples of old mantra poems, sample poetry and synopsis, example of distikon poetry, example of adulterous poetry, example of quatrain poetry,example of sonnet poetry, examples of romantic poetry, example of ballad poetry, and example of elegy poetry. May be useful.