19 Types of Phrases

Types of Phrases – Definitions and ExamplesHumans have nature as social beings, so communication with fellow humans is inevitable every day. One of mediacommunication between individuals is language. With language, humans are able to convey message, idea, will, information to other humans. Language has various units that compose it. The smallest unit in language is a phrase. In this article, we will discuss the types of phrases – their meanings and examples.

Understanding Phrases

In general, a phrase can be interpreted as a combination or a unified word formed from two or more words that have one grammatical meaning. What is meant by grammatical meaning here is the meaning that changes according to the context in the sentence. According to Ramlan (2001), a phrase is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words and does not exceed the limits of function or position. In another sense that is put forward by Chaer, a phrase is a unit consisting of two or more that form a word or occupies one sentence function (subject / predicate / object / description / complement) and is also non predictive. consider the following example:

• First year student studying in class 301

In the sentence above, we can find three phrases, namely:

• 'first year student' is a phrase that functions as a subject.
• 'is in college' is a phrase that has a function as a predicate.
• 'in class 301' is a phrase that functions as an adverb of place.

In a brief description of the sentence above, the phrase is a combination of several words that do not have a predicate, so they cannot form a perfect sentence.

Phrases Characteristics

To distinguish phrases from other language units, the following are the characteristics or traits possessed by phrases, namely:

1. Phrases consist of at least two or more words.
2. Phrases occupy or have grammatical functions in sentences (eg subject, predicate, object, or so on).
3. Phrases have one grammatical meaning.
4. Phrases are non-predicative (a phrase can function as a predicate, but is not a collection of words that have a predicate like a sentence).

Types of Phrases

Phrases can be divided into several types based on the distribution equation with their elements, the category of words that become the central element, their position, and the meaning they contain.

A. Phrase Division Based on the Distribution Equation with its Elements (Integrator)

Based on the distribution equation with the elements, phrases are divided into endocentric phrases and exocentric phrases. Here's the explanation.

1. Endocentric Phrases

Endocentric phrase is a phrase whose position is parallel, so that in a certain function it can be replaced by its element. Phrasal elements that can replace certain functions of the phrase are called central elements. In other words, endocentric phrases are phrases that have a central element.

Example:

Number of studentsin the classroom

(S) (P)

Three menat the port

(S) (P)

General electionsevery five years

(S) (P)

The sentence 'A number of students in the class' cannot be written as 'A number in the class' because the word 'students' is the central element. Likewise, the sentence 'Three men in the harbor' cannot be written as 'Three in the harbor' because the word 'men' is the central element in the phrase 'three men'. While the sentence 'General elections every five years' cannot be written as 'five years general' once' or even 'five elections' because the word 'election' and the word 'year' are elements center.

Furthermore, endocentric phrases can be further divided into three, namely coordinating endocentric phrases, attributive endocentric phrases, and appositive endocentric phrases.

1.1. Contributive Endocentric Phrases

Coordinative Endocentric Phrases are endocentric phrases in which all elements are central elements. For elements that refer to different things in each element, phrases can be inserted with the words 'and' or 'or'.

Example:

• Home yard
• Husband and wife
• Mother father
• Brother sister
• young people
• Coaching and development
• Development and renewal
• Forward or backward
• Work or study
• Study or work

1.2. Attributive Endocentric Phrases

Attributive Endocentric Phrases are endocentric phrases that have a central element and attribute elements. Attributes are part of a phrase that does not include a central element, but explains the central element to form a meaningful phrase.

Example:

• Electionpresident

(UP) (Attribute)

• Developmentfive years

(UP) (Attribute)

• School Inpres
• Book new
• Yesterday night
• Night this
• Sunday this
• Medium filming
• Very happy
• Person that
• Child Mr. Ujang
• Medium dance

Words that are italicized are elements in the phrase, while words that are not italicized are attributes that describe the central element in the phrase.

1.3. Appositive Endocentric Phrases

Appositive Endocentric Phrases are endocentric phrases in which all the elements in it are central elements and point to the same thing. Or in other words, one central element is an apposition of other central elements.

Example:

Taufik Hidayat, Indonesian badminton, won the Athens Olympic gold medal

'Taufik Hidayat' is the central element, while 'badminton' Indonesia' is the apposition. So the sentence can be written as follows:

Taufik Hidayat, ………………………………………… won the Athens Olympic gold medal

……………………..Indonesian badminton won gold medal at Athens Olympics

Other examples of appositive endocentric phrases are as follows:

• Bogor, city Rain, ………
• Leonardo di Caprio, Oscar winner, ………
• Movie 'La La Land', winner of five BAFTA trophies, ...
• Sutarno, Indonesian magician, ……….
• Mr Jokowi, the seventh president of the Republic of Indonesia, ...
• Ahmad Dhani, candidate for deputy regent of Bekasi, ………….
• Aulia Rahman, my friend, ………….
• Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono, the wife of Mr. SBY, …………..
• Solo, my hometown, …………
• Azza, FEM basketball player, ...

Phrases that are italicized are the central element, while phrases that are not italicized are appositions of the central element.

2. Exocentric Phrases

Exocentric phrases are phrases that do not have an equal position with their elements. In other words, exocentric phrases do not have a central or UP element.

Example: (The italicized phrase is an example of an exocentric phrase)

• The two merchants held buy and sell
• They meet at the port
• College student in the field
• The child complained to his mother
• Saiful and Aria to library
• He just came home from Medan
• Ananda doing research at Bogor
• He sent letterto his best friend
• Thieves syndicate used to act at night
• He is waiting at home

B. Phrase Division Based on the Category of Words that Become the Central Element

According to the division based on the category of words that are the central elements, phrases are divided into six categories categories, namely noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, numeral phrases, prepositional phrases, and phrases conjunction.

1. Noun Phrases

A noun phrase is a phrase that has a central element in the form of a noun. Noun phrases are further divided into several categories as follows,

1.1. actual noun.

Example: (The italicized phrase is a noun phrase)

• Sand beach it's very white.
• That cart red.
• This house belonging to the Hasim family.
• That orange very sweet.
• Motor wheel flat.

1.2. Pronominal

Example: (The italicized phrase is a noun phrase)

• He is a writer.
• All of them belong to the same band.
• we are university representatives.
• He is sweet indeed.
• we are sibling.

1.3. Name

Example: (The italicized phrase is a noun phrase)

• that dian my cousin.
• Ahmad's father a sailor.
• Chef Andita famous everywhere.
• That Rihanna It's been well known from the start.
• That house son of Mr. RT.

1.4. Words other than nouns that change their structure to nouns

Example: (The italicized phrase is a noun phrase)

• He diligent (verb) – >that diligent profitable.
• Our kitten three tails (numerical) -> Those three just a little bit compared to what was actually received.
• He run (verb) -> Running it cheap and easy form of exercise.
• He good (adjective) -> That good boy named Ananda.
• Our house price three million rupiahs (numerical) -> That three million lost robbed.

2. Verb Phrases

A verb phrase is a phrase that has a central element in the form of a verb and is marked by a verb affix. Verb phrases can be added with the word 'medium' for active verbs and the word 'already' for verbs that state a state. Verb phrases cannot be affixed with the word 'very' and usually have a function as a predicate in a sentence.

Example:

• Run fast.
• Drive the motor fast.
• Is drying.
• Calculating this month's income.
• Walk around the complex.
• Learn martial arts.
• Bring a fruit basket.
• Go on vacation.
• Help friends.
• Visiting his uncle.

3. Adjective Phrases

Adjective phrases are phrases that have a central element in the form of word adjective. Elements in adjective phrases can be given the suffix ter- (to represent the word most). Usually occupies a function as a predicate in a sentence.

Example:

• her house very large.
• What a pleasure we.
• He is at will.
• He indeed the best.
• Ananda very good
• the way very long.
• That pot very hot.
• The test results the best among his friends
• That courtyard very wide.
• He's a child most obedient among his brothers.

4. Numerical Phrases

Numerical phrases are phrases that have a central element in the form of numerals or words that express a certain number or amount. Numerical phrases can be given number aids such as tails, fruit, currency units, and so on.

Example:

• Twenty-five.
• Fifteen thousand.
• Two tails.
• Thirty stalks.
• Fifty five bunches.
• Two hundred million rupiah.
• Six billion.
• One hundred million rupiah.
• Three thousand US dollars.
• Three million seven hundred fifty thousand rupiah.

5. Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase is a phrase that is marked by the presence of a preposition or preposition as a pointer/indicator and is followed by a word or group of words, which are not clauses, which stand as a signifier.

Example:

• On the terrace.
• In front of the house.
• From school.
• For me.
• Dear guests.
• To all students who follow ceremony flag.
• To the station.
• From the north.
• Toward home.
• In the opposite direction.

6. Conjunction Phrases

Conjunction phrases are phrases that are marked by the presence of conjunctions or connecting words. Conjunction phrases are also known as verbal or adverb phrases.

Example:

• Keep quiet.
• When studying.
• The past.
• Yesterday evening.
• Weekend.
• This afternoon.
• Midnight.
• Yesterday afternoon.
• Tomorrow evening.
• Keep running.

C. Phrase Division Based on Position

Phrases are divided into two categories based on their position, namely equivalent phrases and graded equivalent phrases.

1. Equivalent Phrases

Equivalent phrases are phrases that have a relationship between equivalent elements. Example:

• In and out.
• Front back.
• Black and white.
• Young people.
• Old young.
• Husband and wife
• Back and forth
• Go back
• Round-trip.
• Origin

2. Graded Equivalent Phrases

A stratified equivalent phrase is a phrase whose position between elements is not equal or stratified. Example:

• Cash.
• New way.
• Sharp sword.
• Gold bench.
• Cycling.
• Go to.
• From the office.
• Indonesian.
• Homeland.
• Harvest season.

D. The Division of Phrases Based on the Meanings They Contain

Phrases are divided into three types based on the meaning contained in them or possessed by the elements, namely ordinary phrases, idiomatic phrases, and ambiguous phrases.

1. Common Phrases

Ordinary phrases are phrases that result from their formation in the form of denotative meaning or actual meaning. Example: (Italicized phrases are common phrases)

• Daddy bought white cow.
• Mom's favorite chair blue.
• Mother buys tamarind and salt at the shop.
• Arya always monitors progress his son.
• That red car European made.
• That black car the price is almost one billion rupiah.
• Mother buys swamp cabbage.’
• That soft mattress bought at the shop next door.
• Small bike sister's
• My cousin bought new shoes.

2. Idiomatic Phrases

Idiomatic phrases are the opposite of ordinary phrases, namely phrases whose formation results are in the form of connotative meanings or meanings that are not true. Example:

• I just came back from Pangkalpinang. (meaning: place name)
• I'm going to overseas tomorrow afternoon. (meaning: to another country)
• Finally Ayu set foot in Uncle Sam's Country. (meaning: American nickname)
• He have accomplice reliable. (meaning; right-hand man)
• Eddy brings souvenir from Surabaya. (meaning: by by)
• He became black Horse in this tournament. (meaning: unpredictable hero)
• Aji the person is very helpful. (meaning; helpful)
• It becomes topic in society. (meaning: talk)
• The child's father work hard every day. (meaning: work)
• Antasari Ashar is feeling made scapegoat. (meaning: person to blame)

3. Ambiguous Phrases

Phrase ambiguous is a phrase that has more meaning from one or multiple meanings depending on the usage in sentence. Example:

• Souvenir. (meaning: 'hand-held fruit' or 'by by')
• Hand length. (meaning: 'long of a hand' or 'like to steal')
• Scapegoat. (meaning: 'black goat' or 'to blame')
• Dairy cows. (meaning: 'a type of cow that is raised for milk' or 'a person who is used to obtain certain benefits)
• Stubborn. (meaning: 'hard head' or 'one who does not want to listen to the advice of others')
• Haram. (meaning: 'something that is not lawful (food)' or 'an act that is prohibited by religion')

Thus the article about the types of phrases - meanings and examples. Hopefully this article is useful.