History of the G30S PKI: Background, Chronology of Events & Characters
The G30S/PKI incident or commonly known as the September 30th Movement was one of the events of the communist rebellion that occurred in September after several years of Indonesia's independence. The G30S PKI incident occurred at night on September 30, 1965. In a coup, at least 7 high-ranking military officers were killed in the incident.
The Communist Party at that time was in a very strong condition because it had the support of the First President of Indonesia, Ir. H Soekarno. Not surprisingly, the efforts made by a handful of people to overthrow the Communist Party ended in failure thanks to the help of the President at that time.
Until now this, the 30S PKI incident remains a debate whether or not the Indonesian Communist Party is responsible for the incident.
Background G30S/PKI
The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) is the largest communist party in the world, outside of China and the Soviet Union. By 1965 its members numbered about 3.5 million, plus 3 million from the youth movement. The PKI also controlled the trade union movement which had 3.5 million members and the Indonesian Farmers Front movement which had 9 million members. Including the women's movement (Gerwani), the writers' and artists' organizations and the scholar's movement, the PKI had more than 20 million members and supporters.
In July 1959 parliament was dissolved and Sukarno adopted a constitution by presidential decree – again with the full support of the PKI. He strengthened the hand of the armed forces by appointing military generals to important positions. Sukarno implemented a system of "Guided Democracy". The PKI welcomed Sukarno's "Guided Democracy" warmly and assumed that he had a mandate for a Conception alliance between Nationalists, Religions and Communists called NASAKOM.
In the era of "Guided Democracy", the collaboration between the PKI leadership and the national bourgeoisie in suppressing independent movements of the workers and peasants, failed to solve the political and economic problems which urgent. Export revenues declined, foreign reserves declined, inflation continued to rise and bureaucratic and military corruption became an epidemic.
During Foreign Minister Subandrio's visit to China, Premier Zhou Enlai promised 100,000 chung weapons, this offer is free without conditions and then reported to Bung Karno but has not yet set a time until the eruption of the G30S.
In early 1965 Bung Karno on the advice of the PKI as a result of the PRC prime minister's offer, had the idea of a Fifth Force that was independent from ABRI. However, Army officials did not agree and this created more suspicion between the military and the PKI.
From 1963 onwards, the PKI leadership sought more and more to provoke clashes between its mass activists and the police and military. PKI leaders also infiltrated the police and army with the slogan "common interests" of the police and "the people". PKI leader DN Aidit inspired the slogan "For Public Peace, Help the Police". In August 1964, Aidit advised all PKI members to rid themselves of "sectarian attitudes" to the armed forces, calls on all left-wing authors and artists to make the “army masses” the subject of works they.
In late 1964 and early 1965 thousands of peasants moved to seize land that was not their right at the instigation of the PKI. Major clashes broke out between them and the police and landowners.
These clashes were triggered by PKI propaganda which stated that the peasants had the right to every land, no matter which land it belonged to (state owned = common property). Most likely the PKI imitated the Bolsevik revolution in Russia, where the people and the communist party confiscated the Tsar's property and distributed it to the people.
In early 1965, workers began to seize the rubber and oil companies belonging to the United States. The PKI leadership answered this by entering government officially. At the same time, high-ranking military generals also became members of the cabinet. These generals entered the cabinet because Sukarno's position in the military was equated with ministerial level. This can be proven by the name of the position (Menpangab, Menpangad, and others).
The PKI ministers not only sat next to the top military officers in Sukarno's cabinet, but they continued to do so encourage the very dangerous illusion that the armed forces are part of the democratic revolution "people".
Aidit gave a lecture to students of the armed forces school in which he spoke about the "feeling of togetherness and" the unity that grows stronger every day between the army of the Republic of Indonesia and elements of Indonesian society, including para termasuk Communist".
Sukarno's regime took steps against the workers by banning industrial strikes. The PKI leadership did not object because according to them industry belonged to the NASAKOM government. It wasn't long before the PKI became clear about the preparations for the formation of a military regime, stating the need for the establishment of a “fifth force” within the armed forces, consisting of workers and peasants who armed.
Instead of championing stand-alone mass mobilization to counter the growing military threat, the PKI leadership instead tried to limit this deepening mass movement within the limits of capitalist law country. They, in front of the military generals, tried to reassure that the PKI proposal would strengthen the state. Aidit stated in a report to the PKI Central Committee that the “NASAKOMization” of the armed forces was achievable and they would work together to create a “fifth force”. The PKI leadership kept trying to suppress the revolutionary aspirations of the workers in Indonesia. In May 1965, the PKI Politburo was still encouraging the illusion that the military and state apparatus were being transformed to minimize the anti-people aspect of the state apparatus.
From 1964 until the G30S erupted there were rumors of Bung Karno's serious illness. This increased rumors and issues of power struggles when Bung Karno died. However, according to Subandrio, Aidit knew very well that Bung Karno was only slightly ill, so this was not the reason the PKI took this action.
In 1960, the Basic Agrarian Law (UU Pokok Agraria) and the Basic Agrarian Law were issued. Results (Profit Sharing Law) which is actually a continuation of the Agrarian Committee which was formed in 1948. The Agrarian Committee that produced the LoGA consisted of representatives from the government and representatives of various peasant organizations that reflected the 10 strengths of political parties at that time.
Although the law already exists, the implementation in the regions does not work, causing friction between farmers cultivators with land owners who are afraid of being affected by the UUPA, involving some of their followers by involving the backing of the apparatus security. Events that stand out in this context include the Bandar Betsi incident in North Sumatra and the events in North Sumatra Klaten which was referred to as 'one-sided action' and later used as a pretext by the military to clean it up.
The commotion between the PKI and Islam (not only NU, but also Persis and Muhammadiyah) basically happened in almost all places in Indonesia. In Indonesia, in West Java, East Java, and in other provinces, the same thing happened, the PKI in some places had even threatened the kyai. that they would be slaughtered after 30 September 1965 (this proves that all PKI elements were aware of the 30 September coup plan kudeta it).
History Starts From G30S/PKI
On Friday, October 1, 1965, RRI Jakarta broadcast important news successively.
At around 7 am it was reported that on Thursday, September 30, 1965 in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, there had been a "military movement in the Army". The so-called “September 30 Movement”, led by Lieutenant Colonel Untung, Commander of the Cakrabirawa Battalion, the President's personal guard Sukarno.
Around 13.00 that day also announced "Decree No. 1" concerning "Formation of the Indonesian Revolutionary Council" and "Decision No.1" concerning "The composition of the Indonesian Revolutionary Council". It was only in this second broadcast that it was announced the composition of the “commander”, Brigadier General Soepardjo, Air Lieutenant Colonel Heru, Marine Colonel Soenardi, and Adjunct Senior Commissioner of Police Anwas as “deputy commanders”.
At 19.00 that same day, RRI Jakarta broadcast a radio speech by the Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command, Major General Suharto, who stated that the September 30 movement was a counter-revolutionary group that had kidnapped several high-ranking army officers, and has taken over state power from the president/supreme commander of ABRI/great leader of the revolution and hurled the DWIKORA Cabinet to the position of outgoing.
The background of the G30S/PKI needs to be explored since the entry of communism/Marxism-Leninism into Indonesia the beginning of the 20th century, its infiltration into other organizations, and its connection with the communist movement international. In basic matters, the PKI's politics in Indonesia proved to be the execution of orders from the leaders of the international communist movement.
PKI preparation:
- Formed a special bureau under the leadership of Syam Kamaruzman. The special bureau's job is to design and prepare for power struggles.
- Demand the formation of a 5th force consisting of armed workers and peasants
- Carry out sabotage, unilateral actions, and acts of terror. Sabotage of rail transportation carried out by rail workers (January-October 1964) resulted in a series of train accidents such as in Purwokerto, Kroya, Tasikmalaya, Bandung, and Tanah Brother. One-sided actions, such as the Jengkol incident, Bandar Betsy, and the Indramayu incident. Terror acts, for example the Kanigoro Kediri incident. This was done in preparation for a coup.
- Carry out slanderous actions against ABRI, especially the TNI-AD which is considered an obstacle to the implementation of the program, namely by: launched the issue of the general council. The aim was to eliminate trust in the TNI-AD and pit the TNI-AD against the army President Soekarno.
- Doing military training at the crocodile pit, Pondok Gede, Jakarta. Military training at the crocodile pit. Pondok Gede, Jakarta. This military exercise is a means of preparation for carrying out a rebellion.
Short Story Chronology of Events From G30S/PKI
The G30S PKI incident began on October 1st. Starting with the case of the kidnapping of 7 generals consisting of members of the army staff by a group of troops moving from the Airfield to the southern area of Jakarta. Three out of seven
Among these generals were killed in their respective homes, namely Ahmad Yani, M.T. Haryono and D.I. Panjaitan.
Meanwhile, the other three targets, namely Soeprapto, S. Parman and Sutoyo, were captured alive. Abdul Harris Nasution, who was the main target of the troop group, managed to escape after trying to jump over the border wall of the Iraqi embassy.
Even so, Pierre Tendean and his daughter, Ade Irma S. Nasution died after being captured and shot on October 6 by an ambush squad. The death toll increased when the kidnapping squad shot and killed a policeman guarding Nasution's neighbour's house. Abert Naiborhu was the last victim in this incident. Not a few bodies of generals who were killed and then dumped in Lubang Buaya.
Around 2,000 TNI troops were deployed to occupy a place now known as Merdeka Square, Monas. Although they haven't managed to secure the eastern part of this area. Because at that time it was the area of the KOSTRAD Headquarters led by Suharto.
At 7 am, Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) broadcast a message from Untung Syamsuri, Commander Cakrabiwa that the PKI G30S has been successfully taken over in several strategic locations in Jakarta along with members of the military other. They insisted that the movement was actually supported by the CIA whose aim was to oust Sukarno from his position.
The ink of failure was almost written in the history of the G30S/PKI incident. Pak Harto was almost ignored because they still suspected that he was not a political figure.
After a while, one of the neighbors informed Suharto about the shooting at half past six in the morning and the disappearance of a number of generals who were suspected of being kidnapped. Hearing the news, Suharto immediately went to KOSTRAD Headquarters and contacted members of the navy and police.
Suharto also succeeded in persuading two battalions of coup troops to surrender immediately. Starting from the Brawijaya troops who entered the KOSTRAD headquarters area. Then followed by Diponegoro's troops who fled to Halim Perdana Kusuma.
Due to the immaturity of the process, Suharto finally thwarted the coup launched by the PKI. So this condition caused the soldiers who were in Merdeka Square to experience a thirst for impressions in protecting the President who was at the Palace.
The End of the G30S/PKI/ PKI CHRONOLOGY
- October 1, 1965
The operation to crush the G 30 S/PKI began on the afternoon of October 1, 1965. The central RRI building and the Telecommunications Headquarters can be reclaimed without bloodshed by the unit RPKAD under the leadership of Colonel Sarwo Edhi Wibowo, troops of Para Kujang/328 Siliwangi, and assisted by troops cavalry. After it was discovered that the G 30 S/PKI base was in the vicinity of Halim Perdana Kusuma, the target was directed there.
- October 2, 1965
On October 2, Halim Perdana Kusuma was attacked by an RPKAD unit under the command of Colonel Sarwo Edhi Wibowo on the orders of Major General Suharto. At 12.00 noon, the entire place had been successfully controlled by the TNI – AD.
- October 3, 1965
On Sunday, October 3, 1965, RPKAD troops led by Major C.I Santoso succeeded in controlling the Lubang Buaya area. After the search for TNI-AD officers was intensified and on the instructions of Police Corporal Sukirman, who was G's prisoner 30 S/PKI, but managed to escape, information was obtained that the TNI-AD officers were taken to Lubang Crocodile. Because the area was investigated intensively, finally on October 3, 1965 found the location of the officers who were kidnapped and killed. The bodies of the officers were put into a well with a diameter of meters and a depth of about 12 meters, which became known as Crocodile Hole Well.
- October 4, 1965
On October 4, the excavation of the Lubang Buaya Well was resumed (because it was postponed on October 13 at 17.00 WIB until the next day) which was continued by the KKO - AL Amphibious Troops in the presence of the interim leader of the TNI - AD Major General Suharto. The bodies of the officers after being lifted from the old well showed physical damage in such a way. This is a silent witness to the Indonesian people how cruel the torture they experienced before their death.
- October 5, 1965
On October 5, the bodies of the TNI-AD officers were buried in the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, which was previously buried at the Army Headquarters.
- On October 6, with a government decree adopted in the Dwikora Cabinet Session, the TNI-AD officers were designated as Revolutionary Heroes.
The September 30th Movement or often abbreviated as G 30 S PKI was an incident that occurred on September 30, 1965 in which six high-ranking military officials Indonesia and several other people were killed in an attempted uprising called a coup attempt which was blamed on members of the Communist Party Indonesia.
The names of 7 CHARACTERISTICS of Revolutionary Heroes Victims of the G30S PKI 1965 Atrocities
- Commander of the Army Lt. Gen. Ahmad Yani,
- Major General of the Indonesian Armed Forces R. Suprapto
- Major General M.T. Haryono
- Major General of the TNI Siswondo Parman
- Brigadier General of the Indonesian Armed Forces in Panjaitan
- Brigadier General Sutoyo Siswomiharjo
- Lieutenant Pierre Tendean
The G30S PKI incident actually could not be separated from the kidnapping of top Indonesian Army officials at that time. They were exiled and mercilessly slaughtered at the Lubang Buaya Monument. The following are the names of the TNI who received the title of Hero of the Revolution after the massacre.
Goals of the G30S/PKI
- That the G30SPKI was an act of the PKI in its efforts to seize power in the Republic of Indonesia by used ABRI elements as their physical strength, and never separated from the PKI's goal to form a government Communist.
- That the permanent goal of communism in non-communist countries is to seize state power and communism it.
- These efforts are carried out in the long term from generation to generation continuously.
- Furthermore, the activities carried out are never separated from the series of activities of international communism.
The aftermath of the G30S PKI incident
The following are the socio-political impacts of the G 30 S/PKI:
- Politically, a new map of political power has been born, namely the army.
- By December 1965 the PKI had disintegrated as a political force in Indonesia.
- President Soekarno's political power and prestige faded.
- Socially, there have been arrests and killings of PKI people or "considered PKI", not all of which have gone through a relatively large number of court processes.
Pancasila Sanctity Day Commemoration Monument
After this incident, September 30 was observed as the Commemoration Day of the September 30 Movement. The following day, October 1, was designated as Pancasila Sanctity Day. During the Soeharto era, usually a film about the incident was also shown on all television stations in Indonesia every year on 30 September. In addition, during
Suharto usually held a flag ceremony at the Pancasila Sakti Monument in Lubang Buaya and continued with the sowing of flowers at the tombs of the revolutionaries at TMP Kalibata. However, since the Reformation era, the film was no longer shown and only the tradition of sowing flowers was continued.
On September 29 – October 4, 2006, a series of commemorative events were held to commemorate the murder of hundreds of thousands to millions of people in various parts of Indonesia. The event, entitled “Art and Culture Week in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the 1965 humanitarian tragedy” took place at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok. In addition to the University of Indonesia academic community, the event was also attended by victims of the 1965 humanitarian tragedy, including Setiadi, Murad Aidit, Haryo Sasongko, and Putmainah.
Controversy
Some of the information in this article or section has not been verified and may not be correct. Please check, and make modifications and add sources in the required sections. This event is still shrouded in mystery. Many questions remain, such as the allegation that this rebellion may have been deliberately created by Suharto to seize power from Sukarno. Also, there is a theory that Soekarno carried out the assassination because he wanted his rule to continue and not be threatened by the army generals.
Also Read:
- History of BPUPKI
- History of PPKI
- Contents of the Original Proclamation Text