28 Types of Words in Indonesian and Examples
Human life will not be separated from a single "word". A "word" is not just a mere communication tool, but it can be an intermediary for humans to express the content of their thoughts. "Word" becomes a representation of the mind to reveal human desires. Humans without "words" are like a newborn baby, cannot be understood concretely.
The word is the largest unit of morphology, as well as the smallest unit in syntax. Where the science of morphology means the science of word forms, while syntax means the science of sentence structure.
Based on the definition of the Big Indonesian Dictionary, a word is an element of language that is written or spoken which is a manifestation of the unity of feelings and thoughts and is used in language.
Classification of Word Classes by Language
Linguists (linguists) differ in classifying words.
1. According to Aristotle, word classes include:
- Onoma
- Rhema
- Syndeimoi
2. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands to determine the existence of a word class, morphological valence and syntactic valence criteria are used.
- Morphological valence is the ability of one morpheme to another morpheme that is attached to each other to form a word
- Syntactical valence is the ability of a word to combine with other words to produce a group in the form of a whole sentence.
3. Ramlan, determines the class of words by using the criteria of meaning, syntax, morphology and a combination of these three criteria.
4. Alisyahbahana said that traditional Words are classified into verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbials, numerilia, conjunctions, prepositions, pronominals, interjections, and articulators.
5. In addition to the above opinion on the division of types or classes of words in the Indonesian language rules, Sutan Muh. Zain classifies words in Indonesian consisting of from 9 Types, include
- verb
- noun
- pronouns and nouns
- number word
- adjective
- extra word
- preposition
- conjunction
- interjection or word painting taste.
6. The complexity of differences of opinion regarding the classification of words has started long ago, starting with the opinion of philosophers from Greece
7. The division of types or classes of words in languages in general in the world, including Indonesian, is divided into ten types or classes of words, including:
- Noun (Noun)
- Verb (Verb)
- Adjective (adjective)
- Pronoun (Pronoun)
- Adverb (adverb)
- Numeralia (Numbers)
- Conjunction (Conjunction)
- Article (Article)
- Interjection (Interjection)
- Perposition (Preposition)
8. Moeliono has another opinion regarding the division of word classes in Indonesian. This opinion is considered the most recent. He suggested that words are classified into five types, namely
- verb
- adjective
- adverb
- a family of nouns that have nouns, nouns, pronouns
- a group of task words that have prepositions, interjections, conjunctions, particles and articles.
The division of classes or types of words carried out by the linguists (linguists) above must have been based on and carefully considered and supported by strong arguments. In the Indonesian language rules, the types of words above are widely known.
1. Noun Class (Noun)
Nouns, linguists call it a noun is a word that refers to an object (both concrete and abstract). Nouns must be recognized because they will act as subjects, objects, adverbs and complements in sentences.
To distinguish the type or class of nouns, you can test them in the following ways:
- Rule I adds the word “yang + adjective" placed after the word being tested.
- Aruran II added the word “very + adjective” placed after the word being tested.
Words like trees, books, lovers, people, knowledge and thoughts included as a noun (noun) because it can be followed by the two combinations above. The following is an example of a clue to determine a word belonging to a noun class using the proof above.
tree + yang big (test by rule I)
book + very cheap (test by rule II)
lover + yang loyal (test by rule I)
person + very good (test by rule II)
knowledge + yang large (test by rule I)
thoughts + very brilliant (test by rule II)
In addition to words about objects that are clearly derived from the name of an object, there are two kinds of things other words that also include nouns (nouns), namely pronouns (pronouns) and numeralia (words) number). A pronoun is a word that is used to replace another noun. While numeralia is a word used to count the number of people, goods or animals.
Examples of first person singular pronouns: me, me, beta, daku, -ku
Examples of second person singular pronouns: you, you, you, you, you, you
Examples of third person singular pronouns: he, she, he, her
Examples of first person plural pronouns: we, we
Examples of second person plural pronouns: you, you all, you guys
Example of third person plural pronouns: they
2. Verb Class (Verb)
Verbs, linguists call them verbs, are words that express actions, conditions and processes that are not adjectives. In general, a verb acts as a predicate in a sentence. We can find out a word is classified as a verb by testing it with the following method:
- Rule I, Adding the word "with + noun" is placed after the word being tested.
- Rule II, Adding "with + adjective" is placed after the word being tested.
Words like clean, write, go, catch, talk, look, stir, travel, talk, wipe, see including the verb (verb) because when combined with the format of the two test constructions above will bring up a clear meaning. Notice the combination of the following words.
Clean + with broom (test by rule I)
Write + with marker (test by rule I)
write + with slow (test by rule II)
Go + with brother (test by rule I)
travel + with happy (test by rule II)
talk + with teacher (test by rule I)
talk + with smooth (test by rule II)
View + with sight (test by rule I)
Catch + with hand (test by rule I)
Stir + with spoon (test by rule I)
The example above shows that there are two types of verb forms, namely:
- Original verb, which is a verb (verb) that can stand alone in a sentence without affixes (affixes).
- Derivative verbs are verbs (verbs) using affixes. The following is an explanation of derived verbs in the table.
Table of Affixes on Verbs
| Form | Affixes | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Prefix | in- | worn, carried, beaten, blown, read |
| to | meet, work, wrestle, sail | |
| per- | move, strengthen, minimize, improve | |
| the most | smiling, laughing, stained, carried away | |
| me- | carry, train, listen, read | |
| Suffix | -i | name, mark, curry |
| -right | keep in mind, forgive, deliver, turn off | |
| Konfix | to- + -an | cuddling, running, traveling |
| to- + -kan | covered, covered | |
| di- + -i | influenced, loved, enveloped | |
| in- + -kan | taken, made, read | |
| to- + -an | arrival, fall, enter | |
| make- | beautify, clarify, simplify, beautify | |
| make- + -kan | bring together, question, pay attention | |
| me- + -kan | make, straighten, bring |
In addition to the several forms of verbs above, there are also forms of verbs (word work) others, including:
- Verbs (verbs) reduplication or verbs or verbs repeated either with affixes (affixes) or without affixes. For example coughing, eating, shooting, running.
- Compound verbs, namely verbs or verbs whose formation is through the steps of merging one word with other words, but the result of the merger is not an idiom. For example: interview, parachuting, face-to-face, ready to fight.
- Prepositional verbs, namely intractive verbs or verbs that are always accompanied by certain prepositions. For example discuss about, know about, love on, consists of, belongs to, in line with, regrets over.
- Trasitive verbs, namely verbs that require an object. For example: eat, drink, lift.
- Intractive verbs, namely verbs that do not require an object For example forward, backward, fly, go home, go.
3. Adjective Class (Adjective)
Adjectives, linguists call them adjectives are words that indicate the nature, character, circumstances, character of a person, an object or an animal. In a sentence, adjectives generally serve to clarify the subject, predicate, and object. Based on the form of adjectives or adjectives are divided into two kinds, including adjectives or adjectives in the form of singular and affixed adjectives.
Singular adjectives have the following characteristics:
- singular adjectives, there is comparative information such as less, more, and most. For example less good, better, smartest.
- A singular adjective can be added with reinforcing information such as very, very, true, too heavy, very little.
- The singular form of adjectives can be denied using the word unlike not healthy, not right.
Based on the characteristics of the adjectives above, the words that are grouped into adjective classes include good, beautiful, great, a little, smart, happy, weight, right, healthy, large
Adjectives in singular form can be collected and sorted into 5 groups, including:
- Situation / Circumstances; e.g. safe, chaotic, calm, critical
- Color; e.g. green, purple, blue, red,
- Size; e.g. light, heavy, tall, large,
- Feeling; e.g. sad, embarrassed, happy, surprised.
- Indra / Perception; e.g. sweet, fragrant, bright, clear
The majority of affixed adjectives (affixes) are formed with prefixes, suffixes, infixes, confixes which are taken from language Arabic and English and other foreign languages that are productive in Indonesian, such as the suffix -i, –al, -iah, -ik, -if, is, –iw, -er. In addition to these suffixes, there are two combinations of affixes that also form adjectives, namely the confix se- +-nya and the + -an, but the basic form must undergo repetition or reduplication.
In detail, examples of adjectives with affixes or affixes can be observed in the table below.
Affix Table for Adjectives
| Form | Affixes | Sample |
|---|---|---|
| Suffix | -al, -iah, -I, -if, -is, -ik, -er, -wi | national, formal, eternal, natural, natural, animal, active, fictitious, reactive,, practical, magnetic, electronic, anarchic, parliamentary, selfish, complementary, human, heavenly, chemical. |
| Konfix | Ke-an (with reduplication) | childish, british |
| Senya (with reduplication) | The best, the best |
4. Word class Conjunctions (connectors)
Conjunctions, linguists call them connecting words, are words whose function is to connect two sentences or two words, the conjunction acts as a conjunction, a connector commonly referred to as conjunction. The following are examples of conjunctions that are widely used in sentences.
…. between noon and night
…. you will be successful if try hard
…. by Daddy or Her mother
…. limited knowledge because lazy to read
…. not desi, but Desmin
Lessons have started when we arrived
…. blocked by another car so that pending meeting
…. be polite so that be a noble person.
Apart from being a connecting word, conjunctors are also used to connect one sentence with another sentence by using a conjunction at the beginning of the second sentence.
Examples of conjunctions between sentences are as follows:
Pak Jokowi suffers from liver inflammation. Other than that, he also has diabetes.
The situation has subsided. However, everyone should stay alert.
My son goes to Grobogan Elementary School. After that, he continued his studies in Jakarta.
I will not agree with your opinion. Even though, it will free your choice.
Conjunction words between sentences are not always like the sample above. Another sample of inter-sentence conjunctions, either one word or more of them then, however, additional also, even so, except for that, then, thus, however, after that, but because of, therefore, related with that.
In addition to the conjunctions above, there are many other types of conjunctions. If you want to know more about the meaning, types and examples of conjunctions. please see the previous article. Conjunction – Definition, Types and Examples.
5. Interjection Word Class
Interjections, linguists call them interjections, are words that can be used to express feelings of awe, wonder, sadness and disgust. Exclamations are used in declarative sentences or imperative sentences.
Examples of interjection words:
come on, gain as much knowledge as possible.
ouch, my leg hurts so bad.
ugh, that animal stinks.
damn, rush on the motorbike the teacher doesn't come in.
gosh, he didn't study, he just wandered off.
wow, fortune flows so fast.
6. Articulus Word Class
The word articulus, linguists call it an article, is a word that acts as a determinant of a noun, adjective, or other word class. The articles found in Indonesian are the and si.
The following is a sample of the article in a sentence.
– si The sandal thief was imprisoned for one year, while the corruptor escaped from the authorities. (si is used to carry a negative meaning)
– the The king was fair to his people. (sang is used to carry a positive meaning)
7. Particle Word Class
The word particle means a small element in an object. The word particle functions to form question sentences, statement sentences and command sentences. Particle words include –kah, –tah and –lah which are used in declarative sentences and sentence commands as well as – which are only used in declarative sentences.
Kah: what, where, how.
Lah: whatever, go, take it.
Tah: whatever, whoever.
Pun: whatever, whatever, anyone.
A “Word” was deliberately formed to make things easier communication between human beings. Just imagine if there is no originator of letters and even "words", it will be difficult to express the intention of the heart. Hopefully the article types of words in the language Indonesia it broadens your horizons.