Parenchyma Tissue: Types, Structure, Characteristics, Properties, Functions

Education. Co. ID – At this time we will discuss about parenchyma tissue, parenchyma tissue itself is a network formed from cells live and have a variety of morphological and physiological structures and still carry out all activities or process activities physiological. for more details will be discussed below:

What is parenchyma tissue?

Parenchyma tissue is a tissue formed from living cells with a morphological structure and also with varied or diverse physiology and also this parenchyma still carries out all activities or process activities physiological. Although the morphological and physiological structures vary, but basically it can be stated that the parenchyma has the same properties.

---

Parenchyma tissue is formed from parenchyma cells, therefore it can be said that The parenchyma cells are masses (cells) that spread widely throughout the organs of the brain plant. Parenchyma tissue is a heterogeneous tissue, because there has been an association between extensive parenchyma cells, parenchymal tissue is generally It is found in the pith and cortex of stems, roots, leaf mesophyll, photosynthetic tissues, leaf flesh and seed endosperm as well as in fruit.

---

Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells that form the interior of many non-woody plant structures including stems, roots, and leaves. The parenchyma is known to form a cortex, or main filler, of the stem, the inner layer of cells in the leaf, the endosperm material that feeds the growing seed, and the pulp of the fruit.

The parenchyma tissue is commonly referred to as ground tissue or ground tissue, which means that in almost every part of the body, In the plant there will be parenchyma tissue, this is as a ground tissue, where other tissues are also present in it.

---

Characteristics of Parenchyma Tissue

The characteristics of the tissue of parenchyma in this plant include the following:

1. The parenchyma tissue has thin cell walls and if it is thickened it usually consists of cellulose which is still flexible.
2. The cell walls in this parenchyma rarely contain lignin, except in old organs.
3. Thickened cell walls generally have plasmodesmata that can help smooth the exchange of substances.
4. The parenchyma tissue also has living cells.
5. In the center of the cell space there is a large central vacuole that contains reserve food substances.
6. In the protoplasm there are usually plastids, either leucoplasts, chloroplasts, or chromoplasts.
7. Between these parenchyma cells, there are intercellular spaces that play a role in the exchange or circulation of gases.
8. Most of the parenchyma cells are rectangular (polyhedral).
   

   ---

Parenchymal Tissue Cell Structure and Content

The internal structure of this parenchyma tissue varies according to its function. Parenchyma cells that play a role in photosynthesis, it contains chloroplasts and forms a chlorenchyma network, namely in the leaf mesophyll, stem cortex and pith. These parenchyma cells can also play a role in storing food reserves in the form of:

1. Solution in vacuole: dissolved sugar and compound N in Beta vulgaris root.
2. Fluid in plasma: proteins and oils in the endosperm of Ricinus communis seeds.
3. Crystals: starch in endosperm, cotyledons, tubers, fruit.

These parenchyma cells can function as a place to store water, for example in succulent plants. Many of these parenchyma cells contain tannins as well as their vacuoles.

---

Parenchymal Tissue Cell Shape and Arrangement

Basically, the parenchyma cells are isodiametric in shape. However, there are other forms, such as:

1. Perismatic elongated or also cylindrical, in this form is found in the palisade parenchyma of the mesophyll of dicot leaves.
2. Branching, for example, is like star parenchyma/actinenchyma in the mesophyll of Canna sp. as well as Juncus sp.
3. Parenchyma with large intercellular spaces for example, such as: air parenchyma or also perenchyma in the floating apparatus of aquatic plants (Eichornia crassiper).
4.  Parenchyma with irregular shape and having a lot of space between cells, this is found in the leaf mesophyll (spongy parenchyma or sponge parenchyma).
5. Parenchyma with walls that curve inward, it is a folded parenchyma, for example as in the leaves of Pinus merkusi, Oryza.
   

   ---

Location of parenchyma tissue

Adapuyn Parenchyma tissue that is located in almost all parts of plant organs is like:

1. stem
2. Root
3. Stem Pill
4. In the leaf (mesophyll)
5. Flesh of fruit
6. Endosperm (cell tissue that stores food reserves)
   

   ---

Nature of Parenchyma Tissue

The characteristics of this parenchyma tissue are as follows:

1. hexagon shape
2. Can be meristematic
3. The cells are living and thin-walled and large
4. Has many vacuoles
5. Has space between cells so it's not too dense

Parenchymal Tissue Function

The functions of this parenchyma tissue are:

1. Apart from being a basic tissue, parenchyma tissue also functions as a tissue producing and also storing food reserves.
2. Parenchyma as a food producer is a parenchyma that is used as a place of photosynthesis, for example in leaf mesophyll. The results of photosynthesis will be stored in the parenchyma.
3. The stem and root parenchyma in some of these plants serves to store starch as food reserves, for example in sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). Apart from that, the epidermis also functions as a support for the body when the vacuole is filled with water, as in soft plants (spinach).
   

   ---

Types of Parenchyma Tissue

The types of parenchymal tissue are classified into two, namely the type of parenchymal tissue and the type of parenchyma tissue based on its function and type of parenchymal tissue based on its shape, for an explanation below this :

By Function Fungsi

There are different types of parenchyma tissue. Based on their function, parenchyma tissue is divided into 5 types, including the following:

Assimilation parenchyma

The assimilated parenchyma consists of cells that contain many chloroplast plastids, so they are also called chlorenchyma, for example in leaves. The parenchyma is useful for photosynthesis (carbohydrate synthesis).

Food Parenchyma

This food parenchyma contains amyloplast plastids which have a function as a place for storing food reserves, for example in roots, tubers, tubers, and also root rhizomes.

Water Parenchyma

This water parenchyma is used as a water storage network, where this water is actively bound in the vacuoles of its cells, for example in stems that have succulent properties (capable of storing water in the tissue so that it will look / look fleshy) for example as in plants Cactus.

Air Parenchyma

This air parenchyma has intercellular spaces that are quite large and also contains air, for example in plant flotation devices and also in the petiole of Canna sp.

---

Based on the Shape

Based on their shape, this parenchyma tissue can be divided into:

Palisade parenchyma

Parenchyma fence (palisade) is a parenchyma which is a place in the main photosynthesis as well as elongated cells which is found in the leaves just below the epidermal tissue because it contains a lot of chlorophyll than a tissue other. The shape of this palisade tissue is round, elongated or oval, lined up like a pole/fence and in the palisade parenchyma there are also chlorophyll cells or leaf green matter. The parenchyma of the fence serves as a place of photosynthesis.

Coral Flower Parenchyma

Sponge parenchyma (spongy tissue) is a layer of cells that are random or irregular, many air cavities and also located under a layer of pile tissue. The sponge contains chlorophyll but the amount is small (unlike palisade). The sponge parenchyma serves as a site for photosynthesis.

Star parenchyma

Star parenchyma has a shape similar to a star because its shape is five-sided or more.

Fold parenchyma

This fold parenchyma is found in pine and rice. This parenchyma has a folded inward shape and also contains a lot of chloroplasts in it.

Transport Parenchyma

The fifth parenchyma is the transport parenchyma which consists of elongated cells that are located according to the direction of transport, for example in xylem and phloem.

Well above is an explanation of the Parenchyma Network: Definition, Form, Structure, Characteristics, Properties, Functions, and Types, hopefully it can be useful for you.