Biotic and Abiotic Components: Definition, Definition, Types
Definition of Biotics
According to Sowarno (2009) biotic (English: biotic) is one of the components or factors in environment that includes all living factors, namely groups of producer, consumer and decomposer.
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The characteristics of the biotic components are as follows:
- Breathe.
- Grow.
- Breed.
- Irritability.
- Eat and drink.
- Execute the excretory.
- Adapt to the environment.
Types of Biotic Components
Biotic components are all living components which include all living things on earth, both plants, animals and humans. In an ecosystem, plants act as producers, animals act as consumers, and microorganisms act as decomposers.
According to Kimball (1983) biotic factors also include levels of organisms which include individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The levels of living organisms in the ecosystem will interact with each other, influencing each other to form a system that shows unity. In more detail, the level of organization of living things
Individual
Individuals are single organisms such as: a mouse, a cat, a guava tree, a coconut tree, and a human. In sustaining life, each species is faced with critical life problems. For example, an animal must obtain food, defend itself against natural enemies, and care for its young.
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To solve this problem, the organism must have a special structure such as: spines, wings, sacs, or horns. Animals also display certain behaviors, such as making nests or migrating long distances in search of food. Such structures and behaviors are called aadaptation. According to Prawirohartono (2005), there are various adaptations of living things to their environment, namely morphological adaptation, physiological adaptation, and behavioral adaptation.
Population
According to Zainal (2007) a collection of similar individuals who live in a certain area and time is called population. Population size changes over time. This change in size in the population is called population dynamics. However, basically the population has characteristics that are unique to the group that are not owned by each individual member. These characteristics include: density (density), birth rate (birthrate), death rate (mortality), biotic potential, age distribution, and growth form. Danmortalitas birthrate is a major determinant of population growth.
According to Andri (2011), population dynamics can also be caused by immigration and emigration. This is especially true for organisms that can move, such as animals and humans. Immigration is the movement of one or more organisms to another area or the event of the arrival of an area by one or more organisms; in the area visited there are already groups of their kind. This immigration will increase the population.
While Emigration is the abandonment of an area by one or more organisms, so that the population will decline. Broadly speaking, immigration and natality will increase the population, while mortality and emigration will decrease the population. Populations of animals or plants can change, but the changes are not always striking. Population growth or decline can be striking if there is a drastic disturbance from the environment, such as disease, natural disasters, and pest outbreaks.
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Community
Community is a collection of various populations that live at a time and a certain area that interact and influence each other. Communities have a more complex degree of cohesiveness when compared to individuals and populations. In a community, all organisms are part of the community and their components are interconnected through a variety of interactions.
Ecosystem
According to Bonari (2011), there is always an interaction between the community and its environment. The interaction creates an ecological unit called an ecosystem. Ecosystem is a dynamic unit consisting of various species of living things that interact with their environment, both the biotic environment and abiotic (matter and energy) have components and carry out certain functions or processes that are interrelated and dependent on one another other.
Definition of Abiotic
According to Sulistyorini (2009), abiotic components are inanimate things such as soil, air, water, climate, humidity, light, sound. The proper definition of abiotic components is an environmental component consisting of living things, an environmental component consisting of living things non-living, environmental components consisting of humans and plants, and environmental components consisting of living and non-living things life. Abiotic is the opposite of biotic. Abiotic components are non-living or inanimate components, namely:
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- Soil
- Temperature or temperature
- Humidity
- Climate
- Sunlight
- Water
- Air
- Mineral
- Acidity (PH)
- Salt Level ( Salinity )
- Topography
- Latitude
We can find abiotic components anywhere. Abiotic components are the same as biotic components, which also function for human life. Abiotic factors are driving factors for biotic so that biotic can live and carry out activities.
Kinds of Abiotic Components
Abiotic factors are factors that come from the non-living universe, for example air, water, light, etc. The functions of abiotic components in meeting human needs and those that can affect ecosystems include:
Soil
According to Hardjowigeno (1992) soil is a layer of the earth's surface that physically serves as a place for growth and development of roots that support the growth of plants and supply the needs of water and air;
chemically serves as a storehouse and supplier of nutrients or nutrients (simple organic and inorganic compounds and essential elements such as: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, B, Cl); and biologicallyserves as a habitat for biota (organisms) that participate actively in the supply of these nutrients and additives (growth boosters, protection) for plants, which all three are integrally capable of supporting soil productivity to produce biomass and production of both food crops, medicinal plants, industrial plantations, and forestry.
Climate
According to Kistinnah (2009) climate is weather conditions over a long period of time in an area. Climate macro includes global climate, regional and local. Microclimate includes the climate in an area inhabited by a particular community. Climate is a component that is formed as a result of the interaction of various other abiotic components, such as air humidity, temperature and rainfall. Climate also affects soil fertility, but soil fertility has no effect on climate.
Each region on this earth has a different climate, depending on the location of the region. It is from these different climates that the diversity of plants and animals enriches the ecosystem. Climate change in an area will affect the diversity of animals and plants. Even extreme climate change will greatly affect the lives of living things, especially humans.
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Sunlight
The sun is the largest source of energy in the universe. Solar energy is radiated in all directions and only a small part of me is received by the earth. Solar energy is emitted to the earth in the form of radiant energy. Called radiation because the flow of solar energy to the earth does not require a medium to transmit it. Solar energy that falls to the earth's surface in the form of electromagnetic waves that propagate at the speed of light. The wavelength of solar radiation is very short and is usually expressed in microns (Tjasjono, 1995:55).
Water
About 80-90% of the body of living things is composed of water. This substance is used as a solvent in the cytoplasm, to maintain the osmotic pressure of cells, and prevent cells from drying out. Water is needed for the survival of organisms. For plants, water is needed for growth, germination and seed dispersal, for animals and humans Water is needed for drinking and other means of life such as transportation for humans and a place to live for people fish. For other abiotic elements such as soil and rocks, water is used as a solvent and weathering agent.
- Air
In addition to playing a role in determining humidity, wind also plays a role in the distribution of certain plant seeds. wind is derived by a broad pattern of pressure in the atmosphere associated with a heat source or hot and cold regions of the atmosphere. Wind speed is always measured at the altitude where the cattle are located. This is important because heat transfer by convection and evaporation between livestock and their environment is affected by wind speed. Descending Masrun (1980), the air in the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen (N2, 78 %), oxygen (O2, 21 %), carbon dioxide (CO2,0.03%), and other gases. So nitrogen gas is the largest constituent of air in the Earth's atmosphere.
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