Sustainable Development are: Characteristics, Principles, Indicators, Barriers
In this case, the concept of sustainable development has long attracted the attention of various experts, but the term sustainability or Sustainability only emerged in the early decades since Malthus in 1798 based on the availability of land in England due to the population explosion fast.
Sustainable development only received attention after Meadow and colleagues published a paper in 1972 entitled The Limit ti Growth which states that economic growth will be severely limited by the availability of resources natural power.
Which is where the availability of limited natural resources, the flow of goods and services produced from natural resources will not always be carried out continuously "on" sustainable basis”.
Understanding Sustainable Development in General
Sustainable development is a human effort to improve the quality of life while still trying not to exceed the ecosystem that supports life. Today the problem of sustainable development has become an important issue that needs to be continuously socialized in the community.
The Definition of Sustainable Development According to Experts
The definition of development according to experts which include:
According to Sofyan Effendi
According to Sofyan Effendi, sustainable development is a development process that utilizes its resources, direction of investment, orientation of technological development and institutional changes are carried out in harmony and with great attention to the current and future potential in meeting the needs and aspirations of the community. 1991:14”.
According to the Brundtland Commission
The definition of sustainable development according to the Brundtland Commission which means that sustainable development is "development" Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet them their needs”.
According to Ignas Kleden
The definition of sustainable development according to Ignas Kleden is as a type of development which on the one hand refers to the use of natural resources and human resources in a sustainable manner. optimally and on the other hand and at the same time maintaining an optimal balance between the most conflicting demands on these resources “SPES foundation, 1992:XV".
According to Law no. 32 Year 2009
According to Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning the protection and management of the environment, the meaning of sustainable development is defined as a conscious and planned effort that integrates environmental, social and economic aspects into development strategies to ensure the integrity of the environment as well as the safety, capabilities, welfare and quality of life of present and future generations front.
According to Emil Salim
According to Emil Salim, what is meant by sustainable development is a development process that optimizing the benefits of natural resources, human resources, by harmonizing natural resources with humans in the development of the "SPES foundation, 1992:3”.
According to the President’s Council on Sustainable Development in the United States as “USEPA, 2013”
According to the President's Council on Sustainable Development In The United States as "USEPA, 2013" sustainable development is a process developments that can increase the level of the economy, preserve the environment and social conditions for the benefit of the present and future generations future.
Characteristics of Sustainable Development
The following are the characteristics of Sustainable Development, including:
Done evenly and fairly
The meaning is fair on land that exists in all areas, everyone has the right or opportunity to participate in this sustainable development without being differentiated and must be equitable and fair in order to improve welfare Public. Ensure equity and justice, i.e. future generations utilize and conserve natural resources so that they are sustainable.
Preserving existing biodiversity
Sustainable development must still pay attention to biodiversity. Appreciate and preserve biodiversity, species, habitats, and ecosystems in order to create environmental balance.
Using an integrative approach
In carrying out sustainable development must use an integrative approach. It aims to create a complex relationship between humans and the environment so that the environment is maintained.
Long term
Sustainable development is a long-term plan. Because of this sustainable development it is possible to manage and utilize existing resources wisely or must be useful in the present and the future.
- Meeting the needs of the present without compromising meeting the needs of future generations and linking that economic development must be balanced with environmental conservation.
- The development carried out does not occur or is able to minimize environmental damage and pollution, taking into account the physical environment and the social environment
- The development carried out is based on human values and pays attention to the morals or values adopted in society. The development carried out is able to expand the field and job opportunities
- The development carried out must have a fundamental and ideal nature as well as short and long term. The development carried out must be guided by always maintaining economic, political, socio-cultural stability and national security.
Sustainable Development Principles
From the various existing concepts, the basic principles of each element of sustainable development can be formulated. In this case there are four components that need to be considered, namely:
Development Principles That Ensure Equity And Social Justice
Development aims at equity and social justice based on the even distribution of land resources and other factors production, equal distribution of roles and opportunities for women, equitable distribution of the economy achieved by a balanced distribution well-being. But equity is not something that can be directly achieved. Equity is a relative concept and cannot be directly measured.
The ethical dimension of sustainable development is comprehensive, the income gap between rich and poor countries is widening, although equity in many countries has increased. Another ethical aspect is the prospect of future generations where the development of the present generation should consider future generations in meeting their needs.
The Principle of Biodiversity Is Also The Basis For Balance
Maintenance of biodiversity is a prerequisite for the availability of natural resources in a sustainable manner for the present and the future as the basis for the balance of the ecosystem. Maintaining cultural diversity will encourage equal treatment of everyone and make knowledge of the traditions of various societies more understandable.
Development Principles Using an Integrative Approach
Sustainable development prioritizes the relationship between humans and nature. Humans influence nature in beneficial or destructive ways. Only by utilizing an understanding of the complex interrelationships between natural systems and social systems. By using this understanding, a more integrative implementation of development is the concept of implementing possible development, this is a major challenge in institutional.
Development Principles That Call for a Long-Term Perspective
People tend to judge the present more than the future, the implications of sustainable development are the challenges that underlie this assessment. Sustainable development requires an assessment that is different from the normal assumptions in the discounting procedure.
Indicators of Development Success
Usage indicators and development variables can be different for each country. In countries that are still poor, the measure of progress and development may still be around basic needs such as electricity to the village, rural health services, and food prices low tree. On the other hand, in countries that have been able to meet these needs, development indicators will shift to secondary and tertiary factors
A number of economic indicators that can be used by international institutions include:
Income per capita
Income per capita, both in terms of GNP and GDP. This indicator is part of human welfare that can be measured, so that it can describe the welfare and prosperity of the community, including equitable access to economic resources.
Economic structure
It has been assumed that an increase in per capita income will reflect structural transformations in the economy and social classes. The development of the industrial sector and improvement in the wage rate will increase the demand for industrial goods, which will be followed by the development of investment and the expansion of the workforce.
Urbanization
Urbanization can be interpreted as an increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas compared to rural areas. In industrialized countries, most of the population lives in urban areas, while in developing countries the largest proportion lives in rural areas. Based on this phenomenon, urbanization is used as one of the indicators of development.
Savings Rate
The development of the manufacturing/industrial sector during the industrialization stage requires investment and capital. In a society that has high productivity, this business capital can be raised through savings, both private and government.
Quality of Life Index
IKH or Physical Quality of life Index used to measure the welfare and prosperity of the community.
This index is calculated based on:
- The average life expectancy,
- infant mortality rate,
- Literacy numbers.
In this index, the average life expectancy and infant mortality will be able to describe nutritional status children and mothers, health status, and family environment that are directly associated with well-being family. Education, which is measured by literacy rate, can describe the number of people who have access to education as a result of development. Therefore, this index is considered the best for measuring human quality as a result of development.
Human Development Index (Human Development Index)
The basic idea underlying this index is the importance of paying attention to the quality of human resources. Development should be aimed at developing human resources.
Economic growth
Economic growth is considered an important factor in human life, this index is made by combining three components, (1) average life expectancy at birth, (2) average educational attainment at elementary, junior high, and high school levels, (3) income per capita. Human development is closely related to increasing human capabilities which can be summarized in improving knowledge, attitude and skills, in addition to the health status of all family members and their environment.
Sustainable Development Goals
According to Emil Salim "1990" that the goal of sustainable development is to improve the welfare of the community, to meet human needs and aspirations. Sustainable development which is essentially to seek equitable distribution of development between generations in the present and the future.
Barriers to Sustainable Development in Indonesia
Of course, there are still obstacles in realizing sustainable development. These are population problems, poverty problems, environmental quality problems and security and order issues.
1. Population problem
Population Problems (Quantity and Quality): A development can be successful if it is supported by the subject of development, namely a population that has adequate quality and quantity.
- The problem of population quantity in Indonesia:
The population in Indonesia is the fourth largest after China, India and the United States. The problem with population density is its uneven distribution. The composition of the population has consequences for the following: Provision of health facilities, Provision of educational facilities for young children schools, Provision of employment opportunities for the working population and the provision of other social facilities that support the development of the aged population young.
- Population Quality Problems in Indonesia
- Health Level: Health conditions in Indonesia are still not progressing. Compared to other countries, Indonesia is still far behind. This condition occurs because of the low level of health services. Existing health services still do not meet the needs of the entire population.
- Education level: The progress of education in Indonesia can be seen from the length of schooling and the literacy rate of the population. The length of schooling of the Indonesian population is still relatively low. This means that the average level of education of the Indonesian people is still at the level of basic education. The literacy rate is that a person is said to be literate if that person can read or is not illiterate. Progress in literacy rates in Indonesia is low.
- Level of Income per Capita is the average income of a country's residents in one year. Income per capita generally describes the prosperity of a country.
The Impact of Population Problems on Development, among others, “Population inequality causes uneven economic development throughout Indonesia. This causes the existence of underdeveloped areas, especially inland areas that are far from the city center.
- The population explosion due to the high birth rate causes the population's need for housing, food, and other tertiary needs to increase.
- The population explosion has also resulted in a higher dependency burden. This is because the number of non-productive age is greater than the productive age.
- The flow of urbanization that is not balanced with sufficient education and skills causes problems of unemployment, crime, prostitution, the emergence of slums, and poverty in the area urban. This can hinder development, both in rural areas (origin area) and urban areas (destination).
- The emergence of various problems of environmental damage due to the increase in human population.
- The problem of traffic congestion can reduce the flow of population mobility, goods and services which will result in hampering the economic development of the population.
2. Poverty problem
Poverty is one example of injustice experienced by a group (pre-prosperous society). This injustice can be seen from the non-fulfillment of their needs to survive in good health, difficulty in getting access to public services (healthy sanitation, clean water, waste management) healthy homes, education services and etc. Injustice can also be seen from the lack of access to ownership of the land they live in. As a result of all this, it is difficult for them to gain access to good and stable jobs. This injustice causes the poor to remain poor and threatens the sustainable development process. Environmental damage, poor housing conditions or slums in an area shows that the area is in an unsustainable process.
Currently the problem of poverty is an urgent problem faced in Indonesia. The easiest and most obvious of the faces of poverty is the condition of millions of people who live in slums and squatters. This slum condition shows the seriousness of socio-economic, political, and environmental problems that lead to poverty.
3. Environmental quality problems
Development is carried out to improve the welfare and quality of human life. On the other hand, increasing development will have a negative impact, in the form of the risk of pollution and environmental destruction, which results in damage to the basic structure and function of the supporting ecosystem life. This damage will eventually become a burden that actually reduces the quality of human life, so that what is the goal of development will be in vain.
The problem of land availability as green land is very limited. In addition to the high price of land, there is also a lack of appreciation for abandoned land owners to use as green open land. The use of green open space initially began with the growth of illegal housing which was increasingly widespread and difficult to control, which in turn led to the formation of slum areas. Moreover, the residents are subject to unofficial taxes so that they feel as if they get legality to live in that place. Likewise, on the other hand the factors of low income groups and lack of education levels, encourage them to occupy green open spaces. Such as the utilization of the banks of the riverbanks and the banks of the railway line as a place to live.
4. Security and Order Issues
This problem is exacerbated by the problem of order because of the undisciplined society. This is clearly reflected, among others, in traffic discipline. Currently, demonstrations are also becoming more frequent by the community against development policies implemented by the government, especially in big cities. This can happen due to various things, such as the absence of socialization from the government, lack of participation community in development, lack of understanding of community rights and responsibilities in development and others pembangunan so on.
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