Sculpture: History, Characteristics, Materials, Techniques, Examples [FULL]
Sculpture Artwork
Sculpture is a branch of art whose work is three-dimensional. Usually created by sculpting, modeling (eg with clay) or casting (with a mold).
History of Sculpture
Asia
Various types of statues exist in many different areas of Asia, usually influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. A large number of Hindu statues in Cambodia are preserved at Angkor, but the organized looting that took place had a major impact on many of the country's heritage sites.
See also Angkor Watt. In Thailand, most statues are devoted to the Buddha form. In Indonesia, statues influenced by Hinduism can be found at the Prambanan Temple site and various places on the island of Bali. While the influence of Buddhism is found at the Borobudur Temple site.In India, sculpture was first discovered in the Indus Valley civilization (3300-1700) BC. This is one of the earliest examples of sculpture in the world. Later, after Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism developed further, India created copper statues and stone carvings of great complexity, such as those found in the decorations of Hindu, Jain and temples Buddha.
Artifacts found in the People's Republic of China date back to about 10,000 BC. Most of the Chinese sculptures on display in the museum date back to several historical periods, The Zhou dynasty (1066-221 BC) produced various types of bronze cast vessels with elaborate decorations complicated. The Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) is famous for its terracotta army statues. Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220AD) with statues of figures that impress strength. The first Buddha statues were found in the Three Kingdoms period (third century). What is considered China's golden age is the Tang Dynasty period, during the civil war, decorative figures were made in large numbers and exported for war funds.
Then after the end of the Ming Dynasty (late 17th century) there were almost no statues in museum collections, more in the form of jewelry, precious stones, or earthenware – and in the 20th century, absolutely no work is recognized as a sculpture, although there was a school of sculpture with a social realist style of Soviet influence in the early decades of the communist regime, and at the turn of the century, Chinese artisans began to dominate the genre of commercial sculpture (miniature figures, toys etc.) and avant-garde Chinese artists began to participate in European contemporary art America.
In Japan, sculptures and paintings are innumerable, often under government sponsorship. Most sculptures in Japan are associated with religion, and as the role of the Buddhist tradition diminishes, the types of materials used also decrease. During the Kofun period (third century), clay statues called haniwa were erected outside the tomb. Inside the Kondo in Horyu-ji there is the Shaka Trinity (623), a Buddha statue in the form of two bodhisattvas and a statue called the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions.
A wooden statue (9th century) depicting Shakyamuni, a form of Buddha, adorns the secondary building at Muro-ji, is a hallmark of early Heian-period sculpture, with a heavy body, clad in thick drapery folds chiseled with style hompa-shiki (rolling waves), as well as facial expressions that seem serious and withdrawn. Kei Sculpture School, creating a new and more realistic sculpture style.
Africa
Fine art in Africa has an emphasis on sculpture. African artists tend to prefer three-dimensional work compared to two-dimensional. Although anthropologists argue that the first known sculptures in Africa date back to the Nok culture in Nigeria around 500 BC, works of African art Pharaonic (related to ancient Egypt), the period is earlier than the Noc. Metal sculptures originating from the eastern part of west Africa, such as Benin, are considered the finest ever produced.
The statue was created and symbolized reflecting the place of origin where the statue was made. Based on the materials and techniques used as well as their function, the work of sculpture differs from one region to another.
In West Africa, statues have elongated bodies, angular shapes, and facial features that represent ideal forms rather than individuals. The figures are used in religious rituals and often the surface is coated with material through the offering ceremony. Opposite this is a statue created by the Mande-speaking inhabitants of West Africa. Their sculptures made of wood have a wide and flat surface while the arms and legs are cylindrical in shape.
In Central Africa characteristics include a heart-shaped face that curves inward and a pattern of circles and dots. Although some groups prefer the creation of faces with geometric and angular shapes. The materials used are wood, which is the most widely used, as well as ivory, bone, stone, clay and metal. The Central African region has a striking style of sculpture that can easily be identified from where the statue was made.
One type of three-dimensional work made in the East African region is the pillar sculpture. The pillar is carved in the shape of a human and decorated with geometric shapes, while the top is carved with figures of people, animals or other objects. This pole is placed near the tomb and is associated with death.
The oldest known clay figures in South Africa date from 400 to 600 AD and have a cylindrical head. This clay figure has the appearance of a combination of humans and animals. In addition to the clay statue there is also a wooden headrest buried with its owner in the tomb. This headrest is in the form of geometric shapes or animal figures.
Egypt
Ancient Egyptian sculptures were developed to represent the gods of ancient Egypt, as well as the Pharaohs, in physical form. Very strict rules are followed when creating sculptures; the male statue is made darker than the female statue; in a seated statue, hands must be placed on the knees and certain rules in depicting the gods. The artistic ranking is based on conformity to the rules, and the rules are strictly followed for thousands of years, so the appearance the statue has not changed much except during the brief period of the reigns of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, depiction is allowed naturalistic.
Europe
Roman Greek Classic
European classical sculpture refers to sculpture from Ancient Greece, ancient Rome and the Hellenized and Romanized civilizations or their influence from about 500 BC until the fall of Rome in 476 AD, the term classical sculpture was also used for modern sculptures made in this style. classic. European classical sculptures have the following characteristics:
- Full body figure: either an athletic young man or a naked woman.
- Portrait: shows signs of age or strong character.
- Wearing classic gods and goddess costumes and attributes
- Caring for naturalism is based on observation, often using real models.
The form of nude statues is usually widely accepted by the community, based on the long tradition that supports it. But sometimes, there are those who object to this theme of nudity, usually from among moral and religious fundamentalists. For example, some Greek statues from the Vatican collection have their penises removed.
Gothic Period
The link that connects art, in this case is architecture, medieval Europe (Gothic) with Roman architectural art is called the Romanesque period. Early Gothic sculpture was influenced by Christianity, and was born from the walls of churches and monasteries. The statue in Chartres Cathedral (circa th. 1145) in France is an early Gothic sculpture. In Germany, it is in the Bamberg Cathedral from 1225. In England, sculpture was limited to that used on tombstones and non-figure decorations (partly due to Cistercian iconoclasm). In Italy, the forms of classical times are still influenced, such as those found in the pulpit of the Baptistery in Pisa and in Siena.
Renaissance
During the renaissance, sculpture was also revived, in some cases even earlier than other works of art. One of the important figures of this period was Donatello, with his bronze sculpture, David (not to be confused with Michelangelo's David). This is an early Renaissance sculpture. Likewise with Michelangelo who besides making sculptures David, also makes Piet. The statue of David of Michelangelo is an example of the contraposto style of depicting the human figure. There are still several periods from the renaissance to modernism which are influenced by political changes, cultural movements or other things, namely the period of mannerism, baroque and neo-classical.
Modernism
Auguste Rodin is one of the most famous European sculptors of the early 20th century. He is often referred to as an Impressionist sculptor. Classical modern sculpture is less interested in naturalism, anatomical details or costumes and more interested in the stylization of form, as well as the rhythm of volume and space. Over time, the classical modern sculpture style was adopted by two of Europe's totalitarian rulers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. While in other European regions, this style has changed to become decorative/art deco (Paul Manship, Carl Milles), abstract stylization (Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti) or more expressive. The modernist movement in sculpture produced works of Cubism, Futurism, Minimalism, Installation and Pop art.
Understanding Sculpture According to Experts
In this case, according to its shape, the statue is one of the three-dimensional works of art. Because, the statue has a length, width and height (volume) and can be enjoyed from all directions.
The work of modern sculpture is now starting to develop rapidly along with the need to navigate the changing lifestyles in our environment.
According to the Indonesian encyclopedia (1990: 215) sculpture sculpture means sculpture or a solid body shape that is realized in three dimensions whose creations can be in the form of embossed images (relief) or sculptures made of wood or metal media.
Here are some of the art experts who define the art of sculpture.
According to Mikke Susanto (2011: 296) Sculpture is a type of three-dimensional work whose shape is made by the method subtractive (reducing materials such as cutting, inlaying) or additive (make the model first like casting and printing).
Meanwhile, according to Soenarso and Soeroto in their book (1996: 6) Sculpture is all works in the form of space.
According to the Great Indonesian Dictionary are artificial objects, human and animal forms which are made by carving.
Next B.S Myers (1958: 131-132) defines Sculpture as a three-dimensional work that is not tied to any background or any area of a building. This work is observed by surrounding it, so it must look charming or feel meaningful in all aspects.
In addition Mayer (1969: 351) added that the art of sculpture stands alone and is truly three-dimensional so that from any angle we look at it, we will be faced with a meaningful form.
Based on the above understanding, it can be concluded that the work of art has a very broad medium. Everything is capable of being a supporting aspect in the creation of works of art, one of which is sculpture. This branch of three-dimensional art is the embodiment of human expression and creation.
Fine Elements in Sculpture
In creating sculpture, to get good results, it is necessary to have elements that support form, which are often called visual elements (visual). Broadly speaking, the elements (visual) developed in the work are as follows:
Line
Elements of line form is a meeting from one point to another point. According to Yudoseputro (1993:89) line is the most important visual element and serves as a barrier, giving the impression of dimension and giving the impression of texture on the field. Although simple lines have a very important role in creating works of art.
According to Nursantara (2007: 11) a line is a line of points that has elongated dimensions and a certain direction with both ends separated. It can be long, short, thick, smooth, straight, curved, broken, wavy, horizontal, vertical, diagonal, and so on. It is further said that according to
In its form, the line can be both real and pseudo. Real lines are lines that result from direct scribbles or strokes. A pseudo line is a line that appears because of the impression of a boundary (contour) of a field, color, or space. Susanto (2002:45), states that a line is a combination of a number of points that are parallel and of equal size. It has elongated dimensions and has direction, it can be short, long, smooth, thick, wavy, curved, straight, and so on.
A line is a sign or mark that extends, which imprints on a surface and has direction. The embodiment of the line is also strongly influenced by the character of the artist (Sunaryo, 2002:5). According to Kartika (2004:40), strokes or lines made by an artist will give a different psychological impression on each line that is present. In addition, the tools and materials used in making works of art also greatly determine the formation of the resulting line.
Sunaryo (2002:4), states that the line in terms of its type is divided into three parts, namely: (1) straight line, a line that impresses firmly and smoothly, has a clear direction towards the base of the tip, this line is generally rigid. (2) Bending lines, moving lines that twist, change direction or are erratic in direction, their appearance forms sharp corners or bends, sometimes giving a firm and sharp impression. (3) Curved lines, lines that are soft and feminine in terms of line direction are also divided divided into three parts, namely: Vertical (vertical) lines, namely the appearance of a solid impression, having high vitality strong; Flat (horizontal) lines, namely the appearance is calm, steady and broad; The cross line (diagonal) is the impression of moving and active appearance.
On the sculpture of a statue, the line that appears is a virtual line that seems firm, stiff, flexible and curved because of the chisel nicks that form dark light and caused by the light falling on the surface statue.
Color
Color is a visual quality that distinguishes two objects or shapes that are identical in appearance, size, and value. The color that we perceive is largely determined by the presence of light rays (Sunaryo, 2002:12). According to Soegeng in Kartika (2004: 48) color is the impression caused by light on the eye. The colors on these objects are not absolute, but each color will be influenced by the importance of its use.
Each statue has a different color from the other statues depending on the medium used in making the statue. From the element of color, it can add to the value of the beauty of the statue which is obtained from the characteristic color of the medium used, so that the color element in the statue can be used as one of the aesthetic values in the work sculpture.
Texture
Texture (texture) is a visual element that shows the feeling of the surface of the material, intentionally made and presented in an arrangement to achieve a visual form, as an effort to give a certain feel to the surface of the plane on
the appearance of forms in works of art in real or pseudo (Kartika, 2004: 47-48). According to Susanto (2002:20) texture or barik is the value of touch, the quality of the surface that can describe an object surface such as skin, hair, and can feel the roughness, regularity of something object.
Texture is a surface property that has a smooth, slippery, plain, smooth, shiny, wrinkled character, and so on (Sunaryo, 2002:11). According to Nursantara (2007: 15), texture is the touch value of a surface, it can be smooth, rough, slippery, and so on. In the art of sculpture, texture can be obtained by using elements of color, line, expression that have results different touch values and besides that texture can also be obtained from the sculpture medium used.
expression
expression (shapes) is a small area that occurs because it is limited by a contour (line) and or is limited by the presence of different colors or by dark light in shading or because of the texture (Kartika, 2004: 41). In a work of art, shape used as a symbol of the artist's feelings in describing the resulting object subject matter. According to Sunaryo (2004:4), starting from the word shape which generally means an embodiment surrounded by contours and color strokes, to express a field or something that has volume or mass. According to Wong in Sunaryo (2002: 10) in terms of embodiment, features can be divided into (1) geometric features, (2) organic features, (3) regular features, and (4) irregular shapes.
Form
Basically the notion of form (forms) is a physical form that can be seen (Bastomi, 1992: 55). Shape is closely related to line elements. A plane is a form of terrain bounded by lines, in other words the shape is also called an edged plane. Form is a form, as in a sculpture that always has a different shape. Sculpture also uses the element of form as one of its elements of beauty, because by looking at it from a physical point of view or the existing form, the statue can be judged for its objective beauty.
Room
Room (spaces) is the element or area that surrounds the shape of the figure. According to Yudoseputro (1993: 98) the actual element of space cannot be seen or something imaginary. Space can be lived only by the presence of objects or by making lines and planes on a sheet of paper.
In a dual-dimensional design, space is virtual because it is called virtual space. Virtual space can be flat, flat and even. Three-dimensional effect commonly called depth. Depth is an illusory or unreal space, while real space can be occupied by objects and is tridimensional, such as in a sculpture that also has an element of space.
Volume
A space bounded by a plane is called a volume. The volume in the statue is manifested in the form of parts of the whole mass, created by breadth and depth (Tristiadi, 2003: 10). Sculpture has an element of volume which is also called content. Sculpture has a three-dimensional element and has an element of space in it that makes volume in a work of sculpture.
Dark light
The dark and light element is called the light element, which comes from the sun which varies in degrees intensity, as well as the angle of fall that produces images of varying density (Sunaryo, 2002: 19). The dark and light elements in the artwork produce shadows that can affect the form of the artwork itself. The relationship between light and dark produces a shadow that creates a gradation. This gradation will form an effect on the eye, resulting in a difference between dark and light in an object.
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that to realize an aesthetically valuable work of art cannot be separated from the visual elements that compose it. Lines, colors, textures, features, shapes, spaces, volumes and light and dark are visual languages that can be used expresses emotion, just like the notes in music are instantly touching and uplifting heart. The tones are expressions of all that is within.
The line is present as the realization of a face or field, and the field as a depiction of an object with nicks of color and texture to express the soul. While the presence of an object that has a shape or form will create a space and volume that fill it, with the dark and light that occurs because of the difference in the intensity of light received by an object object.
The arrangement or composition of aesthetic elements is the principle of organizing elements in design. To add more value to the work of art, apart from the visual elements in the work of art, you must also pay attention to the principles of design.
Functions of Sculpture
Sculpture in ancient times was made for religious purposes, in Hindu and Buddhist times, statues were made to honor a god or person who was made an example. In subsequent developments, statues were made for monuments or commemorations of a major event in a nation, group or individual. Nowadays, sculpture is often created to express the creator's self because it is more free and varied.
Sculpture was also created to enjoy the value of the beauty of its form. In general, based on the blindness of sculpture, there are 6 kinds, namely:
- Religious statues, besides being able to enjoy their beauty, the main purpose of making this statue is as a means of worship, having a religious meaning.
- Monument statues, beauty and shape of petung made as a memorial of historical events or the services of a hero.
- Sculpture architecture, the beauty of the statue can be enjoyed from the main purpose of the statue that actively participates in the construction of the building.
- Decoration statue, to decorate building or garden environment.
- Art sculpture, art sculpture to enjoy the beauty of its shape.
Craft sculpture, the result of the craftsmen. The beauty of the statue that is made to be enjoyed is also deliberately sold.
In Indonesia in the past, primitive statues were known, such as those found in Irian Jaya (Asmad) and South Sulawesi (Toraja). In the opinion of Musoiful Faqih M (2004:59) during the Hindu-Buddhist period classical sculpture was mainly developed in Java and Bali. Primitive and classical sculpture works have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation until now. Furthermore, primitive and classical are called traditional styles, while statues outside of primitive and classical are called modern-style sculptures. Judging from the embodiment, the variety of modern sculpture can be divided into three:
Based on the pattern seen from the embodiment:
- Imitative Style (Realist/Representative)
This pattern is an imitation of natural forms (humans, animals and plants). Its embodiment is based on physio-plastic or physical form, both anatomical, proportion, and movement. Realist style sculptures can be seen in the works of Hendro, Trubus, Saptoto and Edy Sunarso.
- Deformative Pattern
This style of sculpture has changed a lot from imitation of nature. Natural forms are composed according to the imagination of the sculptor. Changes and natural forms are transformed into new forms that come out of their original forms. This work can be seen in the work of But Mochtar G Sidhartha.
- Nonfigurative Pattern (Abstract) This statue in general has left the natural forms for its abstract manifestation. This work can be seen in Rita Widagdo's work, which never displays the forms that are commonly known, such as the forms that exist in nature. He cultivates tri-dimensional visual elements such as; line, plane, space, and treat the visual elements as they are – do not represent a particular concept or understanding.
Types of Sculptures Judging From How They Are Made
- The statue is a statue with the shape of living things such as humans and animals.
- Relief is a work of sculpture that can only be enjoyed from the front because it is located on the wall.
Types of Statues Judging From Its Position
- Free Standing Statue, is a type of statue that stands upright.
- Zonde statue is a type of statue that is intact in various positions such as sitting, squatting, sleeping, standing and others.
- The Boss statue is a half body statue.
- Tarso statue is a statue made of only certain parts or parts of his body.
Sculpture Technique
Based on the materials used to make the statue, the technique of making sculpture according to Humar Sahman (1993: 80) can be divided into five ways:
- Sculpt (Carving)
Technique carving or sculpting is basically a process of reducing the parts that are not needed. Process carving starting from chunks of stone, wood or solid objects that can be carved, the parts will be discarded which is not essential so that pre-existing ideas can be freed from the lump (Sahman, 1992:85). According to Sukaryono (1994:33) the sculpting technique is removing part by part, little by little by sculpting and leaving the desired shape part. The materials used in this technique include: stone, rock, marble, wood, and others.
Sculpt (carving) in the work of sculpture, namely reducing the unwanted parts little by little to become the desired shape of the statue according to the original idea. Carving is a difficult process, because it requires mastery of special techniques and ideas or conceptions that are quite mature.
- Forming (Modeling)
Modeling or shaping is a technique of making works by utilizing plastic materials, such as clay and plasticine. Sahman (1992:85), says that modeling ie forming by adding a little,
so that it becomes the desired shape. The material used is a material that has elastic properties, so the desired shape obtained by adding new materials to the form that is in the process of solution.
According to Sukaryono (1994:33) modeling that is by gluing the material little by little so that it becomes the desired shape. The materials used in this technique include: clay, cement, gypsum, paper pulp, wax. In sculpture, such plastic materials allow the sculptor to use the process additive and subtractive ie the desired shape is obtained by adding or subtracting materials that are in the process of forming.
- Pour (Casting)
Casting means to print, which is to print a liquid dough by using a mold to produce the desired shape (Sahman, 1992: 86). Casting or cast is a casting or pouring technique, the material used is a material that can be melted such as cement, gypsum, metal, fiberglass and so forth.
The manufacture of this statue previously had to prepare a mold in advance such as from gypsum or the like, so that it became a mold consisting of several parts and when you want to print, you just have to put the parts together according to the shape print.
- Stringing (Assembling)
Assembling or assembling, namely the formation by assembling from various kinds of materials (Sahman, 1992: 86). The materials used in assembling include used cloth, metal, rubber, leather, glass, plastic, wood and others.
- Arrange (Constructing)
Technique constructing or construction has a tendency to architectural works or building art. Constructing namely compiling or assembling components of metal or iron by using a welding tool as a connector (Sukaryono, 1994:33). Other definitions constructing according to Sahman (1992: 86) is shaping by arranging, combining, assembling so as to obtain the planned shape with the appropriate adhesive media. The tools used include; welding machine, hammer, glue and others. Usually this technique is used to create sculptures by arranging similar materials.
Tools For Making Sculptures Based On The Materials Used (Sculpture Art Materials)
The equipment used to make the statue depends on the material and technique. The tools used in sculpting consist of:
- butsir is a tool for making sculptures made of wood and wire.
- The turntable is a table for making sculptures and can be moved by turning, its function is to make it easier to control the shape from various directions.
- Chisel
- wooden hammer
- The mold serves to tighten wire ties and cut wire ties.
- The dough spoon serves to take the dough and attach it to the skeleton of the statue
- Making clay sculptures requires a grain and a spatula to pick up and patch or add material and smooth surfaces that are difficult to reach directly by hand.
- Sculpture made of wood in its manufacture requires a knife, axe, hammer, saw and sandpaper.
- Sculpture made of stone tools used in the form of steel chisels, iron hammers, grinders "Grenda".
- Sculptures made of metal, the tools used are stoves, castings, molding tools and grinders.
- Sculptures made of metal "in the form of plates" the tools needed are hammers, "broken" inlays and "grenda" grinders.
- Sculpture made of cement tools needed knife, hammer and pliers.
Materials in Sculpture
In sculpture, the material is a medium of expression in the creation of sculpture. Materials are the basis of a work that has not been processed or processed to become a finished product. Materials are materials that are processed or changed so that they become goods which are then called works of art (Rondhi, 2003: 25).
Materials in making sculptures include many things ranging from wood, metal, stone, soil, rubber, plastic, fiber, gypsum, and so forth.
Each material has different characteristics in its use that play a role in producing high-quality works of art. As Bastomi (2003:92) argues that each material has special properties that characterize it. Material characteristics are determined by several aspects including:
(1) The beauty contained in the material. Each material has its own beauty, especially in color. The original color in the material greatly affects the beauty of the work of art.
(2) Texture or impression of the surface of the material. The texture itself can be determined by the color. A wavy range of colors can give the impression of an uneven surface, while color
Sculpture Basics
Now that we know about the elements of a statue, we move on to what to do with them. The treatment of the sculptural elements in the process is referred to as the basics of sculpting. The basics of making sculptures include:
- Shaping and building
A sculptor works by arranging the elements of a statue to build a statue. Since he started work, a sculptor tried to assemble the pieces into a certain building.
Composing and building are the main actions for the sculptor because they determine the overall shape of a statue (G. Shidarta, 1987:33).
- Comparison (Proportion), Harmony (Harmony) and Unity (Unity)
According to Mikke Susanto (2011: 320) Comparison or proportion is the size between parts and parts, as well as parts and unity or whole. Proportion is closely related to balance (balance), rhythm (rhythm, harmony) and unity (unity). Proportion is also used as one of the considerations to measure and assess artistic beauty.
Comparison, harmony and unity of the shape of the statue must be considered. If there is one comparison that is not good, it will cause a less harmonious impression. Therefore, in sculpting must always pay attention to the problem of comparison, so that the statue has appropriate and harmonious sizes, in order to create a balanced unitary form.
- Balance (Balance), Domination and Rhythm (Rhythem)
Balance according to Mikke Susanto (2011:46) is defined as the adjustment of materials from the size of the weight and emphasizes the stability of an artistic composition.
A sculptor works by considering the balance between the parts of the statue in composing the form. Balance the top with the bottom or between the left and right of a statue to get a solid shape.
To avoid the impression of being rigid and drab, a sculptor can create rhythm by working with the elements of the statue.
Sculpture Creation Process
The purpose of creating art is indeed various, among others, only to present sheer beauty, there is an outpouring of feelings of emotion, and no less driven by the desire to be sufficient life. The creation of a work of art must go through a process to produce a work of art. The process is a sequence of changes or developments of something (Poerwadarminta, 1981: 769). So the creation of a work of art is
a coherent and continuous process in the form of stages with the influence of the environment, so that works of art can be created by artists.
According to L. H. Chapman (in Humar Sahman 1993: 119), the process of creating consists of three stages:
- Initial Stage
This initial stage is in the form of an effort to find ideas or find sources of ideas. This stage can also be said to be the stage of seeking inspiration or inspiration in the natural environment. Looking for inspiration is an artist's attempt to come up with new ideas. A strong drive is needed by artists in creating works of art.
- Stages of refining, developing, and strengthening the initial idea.
In this stage of perfecting, it means developing it into a previsual image which will later be possible to give a real shape or form. So the ideas that arise in the early stages, at this stage still have to be refined into perfect ideas, so that later in the process of forming a work of art it can be easily visualized in the form of a design or design design.
- Stages of visualization into the medium
In the process of creating, the medium must be used if we want to complete to the final stage. This medium itself acts as a means for artists to express their ideas. Artists in realizing a work of art from the initial stage to the stage of visualization of more artists play an active and creative role in seeking inspiration, perfecting ideas, and visualizing within medium.
Pouring a concept or design form into the medium, makes it easier for artists to create and produce a work of art. The choice of medium must also be considered carefully, because the medium is very influential in the creation process.
Design Principles in Sculpture
A work of art is a form of organization of the elements of art. The elements of art are organized in such a way, so that a form that has meaning is created. In the process of organizing, these elements are arranged by paying attention to certain rules so that a work of aesthetic value is obtained. The principle that guides how to organize, arrange visual elements and combine them in creating a form of work.
So that it contains aesthetic value or can evoke an interesting visual experience called the principles of design (Sunaryo, 2002: 6). Design principles are also known as principles that guide the creation of fine art. In making works, especially sculpture, must pay attention to design principles, including:
- Balance
Balance (balance) in the making is a state or similarity between the forces that face each other and creates a visually balanced impression or the intensity of the work. There are two kinds of balance, namely formal and informal balance. Formal balance is a balance on two opposite sides of one axis. While
Informal balance is a one-sided balance of the arrangement of elements that uses the principle of the arrangement of inequalities or contrasts and is always asymmetrical (Kartika, 2004: 60).
- Rhythm
Rhythm (rhythm) is the arrangement of visual elements repeatedly and continuously, so that the created has a unity of direction and motion that evokes the integration of its parts (Sunaryo, 2002:35). According to Kartika (2007: 82), rhythm is the repetition of elements of a work of art. Rhythm in fine art is very important because observing works of art or the process of creating works is very important time, so it is necessary to know the rhythm in terms of color, composition, line and others (Susanto, 2002:98).
Repetition is the repetition of supporting elements of a work of art. Repetition or repetition is the difference between the form that lies in rung and time. Sunaryo (2002:35) says that rhythm can be obtained in several ways, namely (1) repetitive, is a rhythm obtained by repeating elements, resulting in a total rhythm that is very orderly, monotonous and boring, as a result of the arrangement of the same elements in form,
size and color, (2) alternative, is a form of rhythm created by alternating repetition of visual elements, (3) progressive, is a rhythm obtained by showing repetition in gradual or gradual changes and developments, and the fourth flowing, is a flowing rhythm that occurs because of the arrangement of wavy, winding, and continuous flowing lines.
- Domination
Domination or prominence has the intention of directing the attention of people who enjoy a work of art that is considered more important than other things. Protrusion or emphasis is done by giving intensity, using contrasting colors, and opposite sizes.
According to Sunaryo (2002: 36-37) dominance is the protrusion of roles or protrusion of parts, over other parts in a whole. With the existence of domination, the elements will not appear uniform, equal or equally strong but instead strengthen the wholeness and unity of the form. Furthermore, Bastomi (1992: 70), said that domination is an attempt to highlight the core of art or the pinnacle of art. so that the dominance of a work of art is needed because it will make the work interesting and become the center of it attention.
Good work has an emphasis on attracting attention (center of interest). There are several ways to draw attention to the emphasis, which is achieved through repetition of size and contrast between textures, color tones, lines, spaces, shapes (Kartika, 2007: 63).
- Comparability
Comparability (proportion) is the arrangement of the relationship between one part of the whole (Sunaryo, 2002:31). The arrangement of the part in question is related to the size, namely the size of the part, the narrowness of the part, the short length of the part, or the height of the part. The purpose of the comparability setting is to achieve conformity and balance, so that a satisfactory unity is obtained. Comparability is also a design principle that regulates the relationship between element sizes and the whole in order to achieve conformity.
- Unity
Unity (unity) is the principle of organizing the most basic visual elements (Sunaryo, 2002:31). The value of unity in a form is not determined by the number of its parts. Unity is obtained by the fulfillment of other principles, so unity is the most important and decisive design principles. Kartika (2007: 59) says that unity is not just the quantity of parts, but refers to the quality of the parts.
In other words, in unity there is a close relationship between its elements so that it cannot be separated from one another, and there is no need to add or subtract from to him.
From the explanation above, the design principle is basically a benchmark used to assess a good work, especially in organizing each element so as to form a perfect blend interesting.
A work of art can be said to have aesthetic value if in its creation it can be seen from how to design it. As for a good design is a design that is made in accordance with the design principles n. There are eight design elements that need to be considered by artists in designing works of art, namely line, color, texture, look, shape, space, volume, and light and dark.
Meanwhile, what needs to be considered in designing is to organize design elements in design principles consisting of: balance, rhythm, dominance, proportionality and unity. Thus a work of art can be said to be a work that has a value of beauty, if the artist has applied the elements of art with arrangements based on design principles.
Examples of Sculpture and Complete Explanations with Pictures
Sample Art Sculpture patternimitative (realist/representative) ;
which is an imitation of natural forms (humans, animals, and plants). The embodiment of this pattern sculpture is based on physioplastic or physical form, both anatomy, proportion, and motion. by Hendra, Trubus, Saptono, and Edy Sunarso. An example of an imitative "Liberation" sculpture by Edy Sunarso.
Examples of Sculpturepatterndeformative ;
Namely the shape has changed a lot from imitation of nature. Natural forms are processed, composed according to the ideas and imagination of the sculptor. The conversion from natural forms to new forms is still related to physical properties. From imaginary and geometric forms, cubistic patterns emerge. This pattern can be seen in the works of sculptors such as; But Mochtar, G Sidharta, and others. An example of a deformative sculpture "Goddess of Happiness" by G. Siddhartha
Examples of Sculpture patternnonfigurative (abstract) ;
That is, in general, many natural forms have been left for their embodiment (abstract). Abstract style is influenced by construction flow. Sculpture is seen as a form of construction, namely the arrangement of materials such as iron, plate, wire, wood, plastic, and so on. An example of the nonfigurative sculpture “Tonggak Samudra” by G. Siddhartha.
That's the discussion about "Sculpture" Definition & (Type - Function - Form - Technique) I hope this review can add to your insight and knowledge, thank you very much for visiting.
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