√ Introduction to Types of Metaphor in Semantics (Full Explanation)
Introduction to Types of Metaphors in Semantics (Complete Explanation) – Many analyzers metaphor divide types of metaphor differently depending on the point of view. One theory that is widely followed to determine the types of metaphor is the division or type of metaphor according to Ullman (1962).
Introduction to Types of Metaphors in Semantics (Complete Explanation)
According to Ullman (1962: 213-214) differentiates types of metaphor into four categories, (1) Anthropomorphic metaphor (anthropomorphic metaphor), (2) Animal metaphor (animal metaphors), (3) Metaphor from concrete to abstract (from concert to abstract), (4) Synesthesis metaphor (synesthetic metaphor). There is also an explanation of the types of metaphors as follows.
Types of Metaphor
The following are the types of metaphors which are explained very completely.
1. Anthropomorphic metaphor (anthropomorphic metaphor)
In this case, Ullman states that most speech or expressions that refer to inanimate objects are done with divert or remove from the human body or its parts, from the meaning or values and desires that humans have.
So, the point is that the creation of anthropomorphic metaphors starts from the human body or body parts or the values/meanings and desires for pleasure that humans have. Then, it is transferred/transferred to things that are actually inanimate or inanimate, perceived/understood as alive or animate. Such metaphorical expressions are known as personification style.
Example:
- Palm trees sway
- His love is grumbling.
- Tama is the lungs of the city.
2. animal metaphor (animal metaphor)
This type of metaphor uses animals or animal body parts or something related to animals to image something else. In general, it is based on a fairly clear similarity in shape so that it does not produce strong expressive power.
Example:
- To curse or scold someone for their actions, the metaphorical expression "your dog, your pig, your buffalo" is used. In this context, someone is compared to a "pig or dog" because of their character or actions.
- Another example is "clear-eyed eggs"
3. Metaphor from concrete to abstract (from concert to abstract)
This type of metaphor can be expressed as the opposite of an abstract or vague thing being treated as something animate so that it can act concretely or animately.
Example:
- "student star, field star"
A student who is intelligent at school (as something concrete/real) is stated as star student (as something vague or abstract).
4. Synesthesis metaphor (synesthetic metaphor)
This type of metaphor is basically a transfer or diversion from one experience to another, or from one response to another. For example, "I saw the sound". In general, sound is something that can be heard. However, in this speech "sound" is treated as something that can be seen.
Example:
- His presence was greeted with a sweet smile.
- His cool eyes looked at me.
- The bitterness of life.
Another Type of Metaphor
Another type of metaphor carried out by Michael C. Haley (in Abdul Wahab, 1995 in Subroto, 2011). Halay presents a broad perspective related to semantic categories that reflect the scope of human perception of life. The range includes,
- Being is a semantic category related to abstract human concepts or experiences. The metaphor is in the order of predictions which include a relationship with something else.
- Example: I will return home to You as before
- Cosmic (universe) is the level below being or the space of human perception below being. The characteristic of this cosmos is the space in the universe.
- Example: with the iron hooves of a threshing horse the bowels of the earth.
- Energy, this category exists and occupies a space, is a source of power such as wind, air, light, fire, which gives dynamic properties.
- Example: Wind and love sigh in the drizzle.
- Substances or substances that are inert. Something that is a substance can change shape either because it melts or undergoes physical changes, from something that has not melted to melted.
- Example: clot, crystallize, redden, blacken, thin, octopus.
- Terrestrial (earth bound expanse) is earth bound expanse such as oceans, rivers, mountains.
- Example: and on the horizon, in the rain I see the old me gone.
- Objects or objects, whether concrete or abstract, can be held, touched and moved, can be broken.
- Example: His wax body is stored in a coffin
- Flora or living is something that can grow, reproduce, or die. Even though flora are alive, they cannot act on their own as deliberately as fauna or humans.
- Fauna is included in the category of animate (animate) in semantics, it is used as a characteristic, namely applied to an object animate, in the sense of life, growth, development, death which are usually separated into the world of plants, animals and man.
- Example: His life deer hunted breathlessly.
- Humans fall into the category of having the ability to think, take initiative, feel, move, walk, grow, develop, have ideals, have shame, fear, and aesthetic sense.
- Example: everyone wails, wails/because the dead hold grudges.
The concept and style of metaphor are often associated with metonymy. According to Harimurti Kridalaksana (1982: 107) in Subroto (2011: 137) metonymy is the use of names for other objects that are associated or become attributes. For example, "the glasses guy" this term is used for someone who wears glasses. Leeches (1976: 216-217) links discussion of metonymy with semantic transfer and conversion.
That's our discussion this time regarding Introduction to Types of Metaphors in Semantics (Complete Explanation), hopefully the article above can be useful for all of us. Thank you 🙂
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