Theory of Social Change According to Experts (Short Discussion)
Theory of Social Change According to Experts (Short Discussion) – There are several theories regarding social change according to some sociologists that we can refer to. Given that this discussion is considered very important.
Theory of Social Change According to Experts (Short Discussion)
Before entering the theory, let's first look at the notion of social change
Definition of Social Change
Social change is one of the changes that occur in the community regarding social values, norms, and various patterns in human life. Which in essence, every society that exists throughout the world will definitely experience a change known when compared with a society at a certain time, such as with the people of that era formerly.
Therefore, it can be said that society itself is basically going to experience a continuous change. But basically one society with another society is not always the same caused because there is a society with faster changes than with a society that other.
Theory of Social Change According to Experts
Let's discuss the theory according to experts.
According to Laurier
According to Laurer's opinion there are two theories regarding social change, namely cycle theory and development theory Cycle TheoryThe cycle theory is a theory that views change as something that is repeated.
What is happening now basically bears similarities to what has happened before. In this pattern of change, there are no visible boundaries between primitive lifestyles, traditional lifestyles and modern lifestyles.
Osward Spengler (1880-1936), who is a philosopher from Germany is of the view that every great civilization always experiences a process of birth, growth and collapse. Pitirim A. Sorokin, a sociologist from Russia holds that all major civilizations exist in a cycle of three cultural systems that rotate without end. The three cultural systems include:
- Ideational culture (ideational culture)
- Idealistic culture (idealistic culture)
- Sensational culture
Developmental/linear theory, Adherents of this theory believe that change can be directed to a point with a specific purpose, such as change from traditional communities who use equipment made from makeshift materials through the process of making it manually manuals. The technology will be developed into a sophisticated technology which in essence has the goal of facilitating human work.
Developmental or linear theory is divided into two kinds, viz evolution theory And revolution theory. Herbert Spencer, a sociologist from England explained that every society develops through definite stages.
Meanwhile Emile Durkheim also argues that societies evolve from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is a traditional way of life that tends to put forward a social uniformity that is bound by a common idea.
Organic solidarity is a way of life of a society that is more advanced and more rooted in differences than similarities. Max Weber through his theory of evolution holds that society changes linearly from a society filled with mystical thoughts and superstitions towards a rational society. Karl Max was of the view that feudal society would change revolutionaryly into a capitalist society.
Modern theories of social change
Modernization Theory, namely a theory that sees that backward countries will follow the same path as industrialized countries in the West through modernization.
Dependency Theory, namely the theory that sees that there is an economic dependence of third world countries on industrialized countries. Third world countries need capital loans and investment from industrial countries.
World System Theory, namely the theory created by Immanuel Wallerstein, where he here explains that the world capitalist economy is structured into three levels, namely core countries, semi-peripheral countries and peripheral countries. Core countries are like Western European countries, semi-peripheral countries are like Southern European countries while peripheral countries are like Asian and African countries.
Impact of Social Change
There are two impacts arising from social change, namely positive and negative impacts, here is an explanation:
1. Positive Impact of Social Change
- Development of Science and Technology: The development of science and technology can change old values into new values which are useful encourage various innovations to facilitate people's lives, towards social change in a positive direction modernization.
- New Jobs Created: In order to encourage industrialization and development in a multinational company that development globally and opening up small industries, so they can absorb the workforce maximally.
- Created a Professional Workforce: To support an industrial competition, this requires a skilled, capable, expert and professional workforce
- New Values and Norms: formed because there are changes that occur continuously which require a values and norms in maintaining a flow of change without hindering the occurrence of change social.
- Increased Work Effectiveness and Efficiency: Effectiveness and efficiency in work are always related to the use of the right production equipment so that it can produce a product more quickly.
2. Negative Impact of Social Change
- The Occurrence of Social Disintegration Disintegration: Because there is an evolution, as well as social inequality, differences in interests that encourage a split in society.
- Qregional upheaval: This is due to the result of a difference in religion, race, ethnicity, and politics that does not pay attention to a system of life.
- Juvenile delinquency: It arises because of the influence of a social change in the values of a western cultural freedom that is followed, which is not adapted to the conditions of one's own culture.
- Environmental Damage Occurs
- The Presence of Customs Reduced: Traditional values are becoming increasingly abandoned by the community because they are considered not in accordance with the times and are being replaced with modern cultural values.
- Social Institutions Not Functioning Optimal: This will have a negative impact by abusing a position.
- The Emergence of Worldly Consumerism: namely an understanding or ideology that makes a person choose to use goods excessively. Understanding Circulation is an understanding that separates world affairs from religious affairs.
- last understand Hedonism: is an understanding that considers life whose purpose is only to seek as much happiness as possible and to avoid painful prejudices.
Factors Causing Social Change
Several factors cause social change, namely:
1. Internal factors
Internal factors are one of the factors that come from the environment in the community. Various internal factors that exist in social change include:
- In population growth
- In New Discovery
- In Invention (a new combination to a previously existing knowledge)
- In the ideological system (a belief about certain values)
2. External Factors
External factors are one of the factors that come from the environment outside the community itself.
- In the physical environment (for example, like a disaster or natural disaster)
- At War
- an influence from another culture
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