√ Complete understanding of antibodies, properties, function, structure and types
Complete understanding of antibodies, properties, function, structure and types – For this occasion As far as I know. Com will review Antibodies. These antibodies are really needed by the human body to avoid various diseases. So what are the properties, functions and types of antibodies? Read more below.
Complete understanding of antibodies, properties, function, structure and types
Discussing antibodies is not far from the human immune system. So what is the complete definition? What are the properties of antibodies? the following is the explanation.
Understanding Antibodies
Antibodies are glycoprotein compounds that have a certain structure and are secreted by B cells have been activated to become plasma cells, in the form of a response to certain antigens and are reactive to the antigen itself.
The human immune system (immunity) is regulated by the body's ability to produce antibodies against antigens. Antibodies can be found in the blood or body glands of other vertebrates. Apart from that, it is also used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, for example bacteria and viruses.
Antibody molecules circulate in blood vessels and enter body tissues by carrying out the inflammatory process. Antibodies are composed of a basic structure called a chain, each antibody has two large chains and two light chains. Antibodies are often also called immunoglobulins.
At the beginning, when a foreign substance enters, the monocytes will automatically attack the substance with the help of neutrophils. After that, the monosif that has killed the substance immediately sends it to the B lymphocytes so that they are recorded and antibodies are made for the type of dead foreign substance.
Then the antibodies that have been formed, then the T lymphocytes which will ensure that the antibodies are present on the surface of the body's cells.
When a foreign object enters, it takes between 10 to 14 days for antibodies to the substance to form completely. These antibodies can be found in blood and noncellular fluids. Each antigen formed is perfectly compatible with the foreign substance (antigen). It can be said that an antigen is a key and an antibody is a lock.
Properties of Antibodies
Antibodies have properties that characterize them, namely:
- Produced in the Reticuloendrothelial System (RES) such as bone marrow, lymph glands, liver and others which are suitable for the formation of white blood cells.
- Has the property of being resistant to sunlight (thermolabile). Therefore, frozen antibodies must be stored in the refrigerator and not exposed to direct sunlight.
- Can be reacted with specific antigens, like a key with a lock.
- Can dissolve in blood (plasma cells)
- Composed of a substance that attaches to gammaglobulin
Apart from the properties above, there are several properties of antibodies, if assessed from how each type of antibody works, the properties of these antibodies include:
-
Precipin
Antibodies that have precipitous properties will work by deposition of foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, etc. -
Lysine
Antibodies containing lysine will work by destroying incoming foreign substances. -
Opsonins
This property of opsopnin in antibodies means that the antibodies can stimulate a leukostatic attack on the incoming antigen. -
Agglutinins
Agglutinin is a property of antibodies that works by breaking down antigens, agglutinogens and other foreign substances.
Antibody Function
The functions of antibodies include the following:
Antibodies have the ability to recognize and attach or stick to antigens that are known to cause disease in the body. In recognizing and attaching to antigens, antibodies always behave as markers, and then send signals to other white blood cells to attack the foreign substances.
Basic Structure of Antibodies
The basic structure of an antibody is a protein molecule in the shape of the letter Y which has two heavy polypeptide chains and two light polypeptide chains. Each antibody has an upper chain whose function is to bind to the antigen.
With this chain, antibodies can bind themselves to the antigen's body. Meanwhile, the function of the lower chain of antibodies is to determine how antibodies can relate to antigens. This chain allows antibodies to regulate and stimulate the appropriate immune response.
Types of Antibodies
Antibodies have several types of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) found in the human body, including:
Immunoglobulin G (Ig)
IgG is a very common antibody and is often produced for only a few days. Immunoglobulin G can live in the blood for several days or even years. IgG antibodies circulate in the blood, lymph nodes and intestines. When an antigen enters, these antibodies will use the bloodstream to go to the location where the antigen entered.
IgG has a high effect in the body's defense against bacteria and viruses, and also neutralizes the acid contained in antigen toxins. More than that, IgG antibodies have special abilities that can penetrate and slip between cells and eliminate bacteria that enter the cells and skin.
This type of antibody can also penetrate the placenta of pregnant women to protect the fetus from possible infection. This ability is possessed by IgG because of its small molecular size.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin A has a high tendency to choose placement locations in areas of the body moist substances such as tears, breast milk, saliva, blood, air sacs, mucus, gastric juice and secretions intestines. This is due to the same nature as bacteria which like damp areas to make their base.
This type of antibody immunoglobin can protect the fetus in the mother's womb so that it is free from the possibility of antigen entry which can cause disruption to the fetus's body. However, the IgA antibodies in the mother's body will disappear when the baby is born. However, because of the IgA content in breast milk, the baby still gets protection.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
IgM antibodies are present in the blood, lymph nodes and on the surface of B cells. Immunoglobulin M is the first type of antibody that attacks an antigen when an antigen enters it.
The fetus in the womb will receive protection from IgM in general around 6 months of pregnancy. IgM production will increase when fighting against an antigen. For this reason, if you want to see whether the fetus is infected or not, you can look at the IgM levels in the blood.
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
These antibodies are present in the blood, lymph nodes, and the surface of B cells. IgD antibodies cannot act on their own, but stick to the surface of T cells, so they can help T cells capture antigens.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Immunoglobulin E circulates in the blood and has the task of summoning other troops to attack foreign substances that enter the body. These antibodies usually cause allergic reactions in carrying out their duties. For this reason, in people who are experiencing an allergic reaction, IgE production increases in their blood.
Antigen Reaction with Antibodies
Reactions that occur with antigens and antibodies will occur if germs or bacteria (antigens) enter the body. Initially, when a foreign substance enters, the monocytes will immediately attack the substance with the help of neutrophils.
Next, the monocytes that have killed the substance immediately deliver it to the B lymphocytes to be recorded and make antibodies for the type of dead foreign substance.
After the antibodies are formed, it is the turn of the T lymphocytes to fight to ensure that the antibodies are embedded on the surface of the body's cells.
When a new foreign substance enters, it takes 10 to 14 days for antibodies to that substance to actually form. Antibodies can be found in blood and noncellular fluids. Each antigen formed must have perfect compatibility with the foreign substance (antigen). The place where the antigen attaches to the antibody is called the variable, while the place where the antibody attaches to the antigen is called the epitope.
Thus has been explained about Complete understanding of antibodies, properties, function, structure and types, hopefully it can increase your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting.
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