Distillation: Definition, History, Types, Functions, and Examples
Distillation: Definition, History, Types, Functions, and Examples – What is Distillation? At this time About the knowledge.co.id will discuss about distillation and the things that surround it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it.
Distillation: Definition, History, Types, Functions, and Examples
Distillation or Distillation is a method used to separate chemicals based on differences in the speed or ease of evaporation or the volatility of the material. In distillation, a mixture of substances is boiled so that it evaporates and the vapor is then boiled back down to a liquid state. Substances that have lower boiling points will make evaporation faster.
Definition of Distillation According to Experts
According to Mc. Chili
Distillation is a process of separating two or more components in a mixture based on the difference in the boiling points of each component by using heat as a separating force.
According to GG. Brown
Distillation is a method of operation used in the process of separating a component from a mixture by using heat as a separating power based on the differences in the boiling points of each component.
The separation process by distillation consists of three basic steps, namely:
- The process of evaporation or addition of heat in the solution being separated
- Balanced phase formation process
- The process of separating the two phases is balanced
According to Herry Santoso
The process of separation by distillation can be carried out on a mixture consisting of the following components:
- Have a sufficient difference in boiling points
- Has relatively high evaporation properties
- Does not form an azeotropic mixture
History of Distillation
Distillation was first discovered by Greek chemists around the early century AD whose conclusion its development was stimulated mainly by the high demand for Hypathia spritus of Alexandria who is believed to have created a series of equipment for distillation and it was Zosimus of Alexandria who had succeeded in accurately describing the distillation process around the 20th century 4.
The modern form of distillation was first discovered by Islamic chemists during the Abbasid Caliphate, especially by Al-Raazi on the separation alcohol becomes a relatively pure compound via the alembic apparatus, moreover this design becomes the kind of inspiration that allows the design of large-scale distillations micro.
After that the distillation method was clearly described by Al-Kindi (801–873). One of the most important applications of the distillation method is the separation of finished crude oil parts for special uses such as transportation, power generation, heating, etc. other.
Types of Distillation
There are also various types of distillation, the following is an explanation below
Simple Distillation
Ordinary distillation or simple distillation is generally by increasing the temperature, the vapor pressure is outside the liquid. In ordinary distillation or simple distillation, the basis for separation is the ratio of distant boiling points or a volatile component. when the mixture is heated to a component that has a lower boiling point will vaporize first.
Multilevel Distillation
The function of fractional distillation or multistage distillation is to separate the liquid components, 2 or more from a solution based on the ratio of their boiling points. Distillation can also be used for mixtures with a boiling point ratio of less than 20°C and working at atmospheric pressure. The application of this distillation method is in the crude oil industry to separate the components contained in crude oil.
Steam Distillation
This distillation is used for combinations of compounds with a boiling point of 200°C. This distillation can vaporize compounds with temperatures approaching 100°C under atmospheric pressure with steam or boiling water.
Vacuum Distillation
Vacuum distillation is usually used when the compound to be distilled is not normal to the interpretation of the can decomposes before and approaches its boiling point or a combination of the above boiling points 150°C. This method cannot be used for solvents with low boiling points when the condenser uses cold water because the evaporated components cannot be condensed by water. To reduce the pressure, a vacuum pump or aspirator is used as a pressure reducer in this distillation system.
Azetropic Distillation
Azetropic distillation is a type of distillation that vaporizes liquid without changing its composition.
Distillation Working Principle
There is a principle of distillation, namely: "If a substance in solution does not equally evaporate, then the vapor of the solution will have different components from the original solution". if one of the substances evaporates then the separation will occur perfectly. but if the two substances evaporate then the separation will only occur partially but the distillate or product will be richer in a component than the original solution.
Distillation Function
The function of distillation is to separate the solution into its components or a method of separating chemicals based on the ratio of speed or ease of evaporation. The principle of distillation is based on the comparison of the boiling points of the components of the substance.
Distillation Equipment
- distillation Flask,Serves as a container or place for a mixture of liquids to be distilled.
- Steelhead,Serves as a distributor of steam or gas that will be included in the cooling equipment (condenser).
- thermometer,A thermometer is usually used to measure the temperature of the liquid vapor being distilled during the distillation process.
- condenser,Acts like a steam flow resulting from the response and makes the flow of tap water.
- boiling Pumpkin,Play a role for illustration container. For example, such as separating alcohol and water. Inner pipe = distillation pipe.
- Adapter,Plays a role in channeling the distillation results that have been conditioned to be distributed to the containers that have been provided.
- Coat,Serves to heat the material in it.
Basic Separation By Distillation
The main basis of division from distillation is the comparison of the boiling points of liquids with a certain pressure. The process of this distillation will involve combined evaporation, which is followed by a cooling and condensing process. For example, there is a combination, in which there are 2 substances, namely substances A and B. substance A has a boiling point near 120 degrees Celsius, and substance B has a boiling point by distilling the mixture at a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, substance B will evaporate while substance A will always stay there.
Distillation Process
A mixture in the form of a liquid will be put into a heated flask, via a heater with a heater. The heating temperature can be adjusted by observing the thermometer. When it is heated the mixture will evaporate little by little. The steam will rise through the pipe and flow into the cooler or condenser. Steam cooling is a method of flowing water through a cooling chamber. After passing through the cooling, the steam also condenses to form a liquid and travels to the adapter and then drips into the distillate flask.
Distillation Execution
Distillation applications can be divided into 2 types, namely on the laboratory scale and industrial scale. The main comparison in laboratory and industrial scale distillation, is with a continuous system. On a laboratory scale, distillation is carried out only in one way. That is, in laboratory-scale distillation, the combined composition is separated into component fractions then sorted by volatility, which is where highly volatile substances are to be separated first. Until a very non-volatile substance, will remain at the bottom. The process can be repeated when the mixture is added and when starting the distillation process from scratch again.
Examples of Distillation Usage
Distillation certainly has a very important position in human life. Distillation is the main key in the separation of petroleum. This petroleum is separated into certain types, which are based on the ratio of boiling points. Alcohol that is created from the fermentation process, will be purified by the distillation method.
Natural essential oils that quickly evaporate can be separated by distillation. There are many natural essential oils that can be obtained by distillation method. For example, lemongrass oil, ginger, cloves, and so on. Eucalyptus oil can also be obtained by distillation method. Distillation can also separate salt from seawater.
Thus the review from About the knowledge.co.id about Distillation, hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.
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