Covalent Bonds: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Chemical Formulas and Compound Properties

September 19, 2023
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Covalent Bonds: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Chemical Formulas and Compound Properties - What is a covalent bond?, on this occasion Seputartahu.co.id will discuss it and of course about other things that also cover it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to understand it better.

Covalent Bonds: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Chemical Formulas and Compound Properties

Covalent bonds are bonds that occur due to the sharing of electron pairs by 2 bonded atoms. Covalent bonds occur due to the inability of one of the bonding atoms to release electrons (occurs in non-metal atoms).

According to (James E. Brady, 1990), Covalent bonds are bonds that occur due to the sharing of pairs of electrons by two atoms (James E. Brady, 1990). Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms that both want to capture electrons (fellow nonmetal atoms).

Pairs of electrons that are shared are called bonding electron pairs (PEI) and pairs of valence electrons that are not involved in forming covalent bonds are called lone electron pairs (PEB). Covalent bonds generally occur between atoms of non-metallic elements, they can be of the same type (for example: H2, N2, O2, Cl2, F2, Br2, I2) or different types (for example: H2O, CO2, etc.). Compounds that contain only covalent bonds are called covalent compounds.

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The formation of covalent bonds is formed from atoms of elements that have a high electron affinity and a smaller electronegativity difference than ionic bonds. Non-metal atoms tend to accept electrons so that if each non-metal atom bonds, a bond is formed This can be done by connecting electrons together and ultimately forming a shared pair of electrons.

The formation of a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons must be in accordance with the electronic configuration of the noble gas elements, namely 8 electrons (except He, which has 2 electrons).

Characteristics of Covalent Bonds

The following are several characteristics of covalent bonds, consisting of:

It has a large binding energy so it is very hard and translucent
high melting point
Insoluble in ordinary liquids and almost all solvents
Cohesion energy 16-12 eV

Types of Covalent Bonds

Types of Covalent Bonds Based on the Number of PEI Covalent Bonds

- Single Covalent Bond

A single covalent bond is a bond formed from the sharing of one pair of electrons (each atom gives one valence electron to share). In other words, the number of PEI=1.

Example: H2, H2O (electron configuration H = 1; O = 2.6)

- Double Covalent Bond

A double covalent bond is a bond formed from the sharing of two pairs of electrons (each electron provides two valence electrons for sharing). In other words, the number of PEI=2.

Example: O2, CO2 (electron configuration O = 2, 6; C = 2, 4)

- Triple Covalent Bond

A triple covalent bond is a bond formed from the sharing of three pairs of electrons (each electron provides three valence electrons for sharing). In other words, the number of PEI=3.

Example: N2 (Electronic configuration N = 2.5)

Types of Covalent Bonds Based on the Source of Bonding Electron Pairs

- Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds (which we are discussing now) are bonds that are formed when pairs of electrons used together comes from each bonded atom, in other words, PEI comes from two atoms bonded.

- Coordinating Covalent Bonds

A coordination covalent bond is a bond formed when the shared pair of electrons comes from one of the two bonding atoms. In other words, PEI comes from one of the bonded atoms.

Types of Covalent Bonds Based on the Polarity of the Bond

- Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the PEI tends to be attracted to one of the bonded atoms, causing the molecule to be asymmetrical (not proportional).

- Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of covalent bond whose PEI is equally strongly attracted to the direction of the atoms that bond together so that the shape of the molecule is symmetrical (proportional).

Covalent Bond Formation Process

The O atom will be stable if it binds two electrons to form a configuration similar to the Ne atom (2, 8) according to the octet rule. Meanwhile, the H atom will be stable if it binds one electron to form a configuration similar to He (2).

So to form a bond, the O atom must attach its two valence electrons to the two H atoms and the two H atoms each attach one valence electron to the two O electrons.

Chemical Formulas for Covalent Compounds

By referring to the octet rule, we can predict the molecular formula of compounds with covalent bonds. In this case, the number of paired electrons must be equal. However, it should be remembered that the octet rule is not always obeyed, there are some covalent compounds that violate the octet rule.

An example is the bond between H and O in H2O. The electronic configuration of H and O is that H requires 1 electron and O requires 2 electrons. In order for the O and H atoms to follow the octet rule, the number of H atoms given must be two, while the O atoms are one, so the molecular formula of the compound is H2O.

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Boiling point

In general, covalent compounds have low boiling points (on average below 200 0C). For example, water, H2O is a covalent compound. The covalent bonds that bind between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms in water molecules are quite strong, while the forces that bind between water molecules are quite weak.

This situation causes water in the liquid phase (form) to easily change into water vapor when heated to around 100 0C, but at this temperature the covalent bonds in the H2O molecule not broken.

Volatility (ability to evaporate)

Most covalent compounds are volatile liquids and gases. Molecules in covalent compounds that are volatile often produce a distinctive odor. Perfumes and aromatic substances are covalent compounds, examples of volatile covalent compounds

Solubility

In general, covalent compounds cannot dissolve in water, but are easily soluble in organic solvents. Organic solvents are carbon compounds, for example gasoline, kerosene, alcohol and acetone. However, there are several covalent compounds that can dissolve in water because they react with water (hydration) and form ions.

For example, sulfuric acid when dissolved in water will form hydrogen ions and sulfate ions. Covalent compounds that can dissolve in water are hereinafter referred to as polar covalent compounds, while covalent compounds that do not dissolve in water are hereinafter referred to as non-polar covalent compounds.

Electrical conductivity

In general, covalent compounds in various forms cannot conduct electric current or are non-electrolytes, except for polar covalent compounds. This is because polar covalent compounds contain ions when dissolved in water and these compounds are weak electrolyte compounds. The following is a picture of the differences between non-electrolyte compounds, weak electrolytes and strong electrolytes.

Covalent Bonds: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Chemical Formulas and Compound Properties

Examples of Covalent Bond Questions

Question 1

The following substances are compounds with covalent bonds except...

N2
CCl2
NaCl
HCl
F2

Answer

Covalent bonds that make up atoms of non-metal elements do not exist between atoms of metal elements
N2, CCl2, HCl, F2 (no metal elements, so covalent)
While NaCl = Na is a metal (ionic bond)

Question 2

The pair of elements that form a covalent bond are...

17X and ₁₁Y
12P and ₁₇Q
6R and ₁₇Q
20M and ₁₆Q
19A and ₃₅B

Answer: C

17^x	: 2 8 7	And	11^Y	: 2 8 1	ionic bond
12^p	: 2 8 2	And	17^Q	: 2 8 7	ionic bond
6^R	: 2 4	And	17^Q	: 2 8 7	covalent bond
20^m	: 2 8 8	2 and	16^Q	: 2 8 6	ionic bond
19^A	: 2 8 8	1 and	35^B	: 2 8 18 7	ionic bond

Question 3

Among the following compounds that are not polar covalent molecules are...

HCl
NaCl
NH₃
H₂O
PCl₃

Answer: B

Molecule	Compiler	Information	Bond
HCl	Gas – Gas	2 unlike atoms: polar	Polar covalent
NaCl	Metal – Gas	Ion
NH₃	Gas – Gas	PEI = 3N group V A PEB = 5 – 3 = 2	Polar covalent
H₂O	Gas – Gas	PEI = 2O group VI A PEB = 6 – 2 = 4	Polar covalent
PCl₃	Gas – Gas	PEI = 3P group V A PEB = 5 – 3 = 2	Polar covalent

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Covalent Bonds: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Chemical Formulas and Compound Properties