Soil Layers, Texture, Composition and Profile
Soil Layers, Texture, Composition and Profile - On the last occasion we have discussed about soil formation process, there is explained in full detail how the land was formed. This time here I will explain about each of the layers in the soil, soil texture, soil composition and soil profile and soil solum.
Soil Layers, Texture, Composition and Profile
Check out the full explanation below.
Subsoil
Soil consists of layers arranged sequentially from top to bottom as follows.
Topsoil
Topsoil is also called top soil, the thickness is between 10 to 30 cm, the color is dark, brown-black. This layer is the most fertile layer, so it is the most optimal area to support plant life. All soil components are in this layer.
Lower Soil or Middle Layer
This layer is often called rock soil, the color is brighter than the top soil. The thickness is 50 to 60 cm. Fertility in this layer is reduced.
Main Rock
Source rock is the rock from which the soil originates. The source rock is reddish or grayish white in color. This layer is easily broken but difficult for plant roots to penetrate. On the slopes of the mountains we find a lot of this type of soil layer.
Soil Texture
Soil texture is the relative ratio of various soil particles according to their diameter such as sand, silt and clay. The soil fraction has a maximum diameter of 2 mm while those that are more than 2 mm are called gravel. If the soil is mostly sand, then the soil is coarse in texture.
And vice versa if the soil is mostly clay, then the soil has a fine texture. Good soil texture for agriculture is loam or crumb. The loam texture contains a little clay fraction, a lot of silt fraction and moderate to large sand fraction.
Soil Soil
Soil Solum is the depth of the soil measured from the soil surface.
Soil Composition
Soil is a collection of natural materials with the following composition: 45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 25% water and 25% air. Although in general the composition of the soil is as mentioned above, in reality the types of soil in Indonesia vary.
This is caused by factors of solar radiation, vegetation, relief and rainfall. So it's not just the type of soil that is different, the level of fertility is not the same, the lower it goes down the less. There is even a type of soil that is only suitable for planting certain types of plants.
Soil Profile
Soil has a vertical distribution and horizontal distribution. Vertical distribution, from the surface of the earth to the parent rock, which is also known as the soil horizon. The horizontal distribution corresponds to the earth's surface.
We can see the soil profile by making a cross section or cross section on the soil. So you can see the layers, texture, porosity and permeability, as well as the depth of the soil. From the soil profile, it can be seen that the soil layers are then called the soil horizon, which consists of the following layers.
- Horizon O, is the surface soil layer in which there are many plant roots and soil micro-organisms. The O horizon is dark in color and very rich in humus, making it very possible for farming to be carried out.
- Horizon A, is an elluviation zone that still has humus, pale dark gray in color, due to the influence of the many minerals that dissolve with rainwater.
- Horizon B, is an accumulation zone that contains very little humus. This layer is where most of the minerals that have drifted from the A horizon have been deposited. The color is yellow brown or reddish brown.
- Horizon C, is the zone of weathering of parent rock.
- Horizon R, is the source rock zone, consisting of rock.
Thus our explanation this time about Soil Layers, Soil Texture, Composition and Profile, which is clearly stated here. Hope you can add to your knowledge, thank you.
source by: Geography of SMA class X Aspiration
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