√ Definition of Red Blood Cells, Characteristics, Function, Structure, Process and Impact
Definition of Red Blood Cells, Characteristics, Function, Structure, Process and Impact – In this discussion we will explain about Red Blood Cells. Which includes the definition, characteristics, function, structure, formation process and impact of excess or deficiency of red blood cells with a complete and easy to understand discussion.
Definition of Red Blood Cells, Characteristics, Function, Structure, Process and Impact
For more details, please read the review below carefully.
Understanding Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells, also called entrocytes, are one of the most abundant types of blood and have the function of carrying body tissues through the blood. The word erythrocyte originally comes from the Greek words erythos which means red and kytos which means blood.
Erythrocytes are the blood cells with the largest number in the body which are produced between the fetal period and the period after birth. In the first weeks of an embryo's life, primitive blood cells with nuclei are produced in the yolk sac.
Entering the middle trimester of gestation, erythrocyte production is carried out by the liver as the most important organ that produces erythrocytes, lymph and lymph nodes.
Furthermore, for one month before birth and after birth, erythrocytes are only produced in the bone marrow of all bones except the proximal humerus (hand) and tibia (shin bone) until a person is 5 year.
The proximal humerus and tibia produce only a few erythrocytes, then do not produce any more until they reach about 20 years of age. After that age, erythrocytes will be produced in the membranous bone marrow such as the vertebrae (spine), sternum (breastbone), costae (ribs) and illium.
However, the number of erythrocytes in the membranous bone marrow produced decreases and their volume decreases with age.
Characteristics of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Red blood cells have several characteristics, namely:
- It has a flat round shape with a concave or biconcave part in the middle
- Does not have a cell nucleus
- It has a red color because it contains hemoglobin
- The lifespan of red blood cells is approximately 120 days
- Red blood cells have a total of 4-5 million cells/mm3 of blood
- Red blood cells have a diameter of 7-8 um and a thickness of 1-2 um
- Red blood cells have elastic properties
Function of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
There are several functions and roles of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body, including:
The main function of erythrocytes or red blood cells is to distribute or distribute blood containing lots of oxygen (O2) from the lungs to all body tissues. In carrying out their functions, erythrocytes receive help from hemoglobin (Hb), namely the erythrocyte substance which is composed of heme and globin chains.
The heme chain is a protoporphyrin iron compound which forms a pigment or protein-free part in hemoglobin and has a role as a transporter of oxygen (O2). More fully than the above, erythrocytes also have an important role, including:
- As a good acid-base buffer for the whole blood
- Erythrocytes contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that has the function of increasing internal speed catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to create carbohydrate acids (H2CO3) with thousands fold.
- Hemoglobin (Hb) as an erythrocyte substance has a role in warding off pathogens or bacteria through the lysis process by releasing free radicals which can dissolve pathogen cell membranes and kill them bacteria. For this reason, it can be said that erythrocytes have a role in maintaining the body's immune system (antibodies).
- Erythrocytes have a role in widening blood vessels. This mechanism can occur because there is an S-Nitthrosothiol compound which is released when Hemoglobin (Hb) undergoes deoxygeneration.
Structure of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
The normal structure of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is that they do not have a nucleus and are biconcave in shape with a central line around 7-8 micrometers and 2.5 micrometers thick, while in the very thick part and around 1 micrometer in the the middle.
The shape of red blood cells can change when the cells pass through capillaries, but this change in shape will not cause the cells to rupture. This is because under normal conditions, red blood cells have an excess cell membrane to accommodate the substances inside so they will not stretch the membrane too much.
In red blood cells (erythrocytes) there is hemogrobin (Hb), the substance hemoglobin (Hb) which makes blood red. The average number of red blood cells in each person is 90-95 cubic micrometers, while the number of red blood cells really depends on gender and the area where a person lives.
In normal men, the average volume of red blood cells per cubic micrometer is 5,200,000 (±300,000) and in normal women 4,700,000 (±300,000). People who live in the highlands have a greater number of red blood cells than people who live in the lowlands.
Red Blood Cell (Erythrocyte) Formation Process
The process of forming red blood cells or erythrocytes is also called erythropoiesis. The formation of erythrocytes is regulated by a glycoprotein hormone called erythropoietin. The first cell recognized as a sequence of erythrocyte formation is proerythroblast, which is formed from CFU-E stem cells.
After the proerythroblast cells are formed, the cells will divide several times. The new cells resulting from the first generation of division are called erythroblast basophils because they can be painted with alkaline colors. These cells consist of a small amount of hemoglobin.
In the next division, the amount of hemoglobin formed is greater than before. Cells that are already present at this stage are called polychromatophil erythroblasts. In the next stage, the amount of hemoglobin formed will be greater and the cells will turn red
The cells are known as orthochromatic erythroblasts. In the next generation, the cell is filled with Hb to a concentration of 34%, the nucleus becomes denser and smaller and the remainder is eventually absorbed and pushed out of the cell.
At the same time the endoplasmic reticulum is reabsorbed. Cells at this stage are called reticulocytes, because they still contain a little basophilic material consisting of the remains of the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and a few other cytoplasmic organelles. During the reticulocyte stage, cells will travel from the bone marrow into the capillaries by means of diapedesis (squeezing through the pores of the capillary membrane).
Basophilic material remaining in reticulocytes will normally disappear within 1-2 days, and then become mature erythrocytes. Because the life span of reticulocytes is short, their concentration among all blood cells is normally slightly less than 1%.
If erythrocytes are already in circulation, then under normal conditions the lifespan of red blood cells is approximately 120 days. Old red blood cells become more fragile and can break as they travel through narrow blood vessels.
Some erythrocytes will break in the spleen because they are pinched by the red pulp of the spleen and some will be disassembled in the liver. Hemoglobin released from erythrocytes will be phagocytosed and digested by macrophage cells mainly in the spleen, liver and bone marrow.
Next, in the liver, hemoglobin is converted into bile dye (bilirubin) which will be stored in the gallbladder. Bilirubin has the function of giving color to feces. The iron in hemoglobin is transported and then released and transported to the bone marrow to be used to form red blood cells or stored in the liver and other tissues in ferritin.
At the stage of erythrocyte formation, the levels of oxygen (O2) in the air, the hormone erythopoietin, protein, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and vitamin B12 are important to get attention because they are factors that can influence the process the.
Impact of Excess and Deficiency of Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Having excess red blood in the body can cause the following things, namely blood clots and oxygen damage. Meanwhile, the consequences of a lack of red blood (erythrocytes) can cause things such as: Vitamin Deficiency Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Bone Marrow Disease, Hemolytic Anemia, Cellular Anemia Sickle.
Thus has been explained about Definition of Red Blood Cells, Characteristics, Function, Structure, Process and Impact, hopefully it can increase your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.
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