Definition of Reasoning and Method According to Experts
Definition of Reasoning and Method According to Experts - In accordance with their nature, humans are equipped with a desire to know. The desire to know in humans will always raise various kinds of questions. As a result, humans are also always trying to find answers to the questions that arise earlier. This desire to know will be fulfilled if humans gain new knowledge or are able to solve problems in response to their own questions.
Definition of Reasoning and Method According to Experts
Usually humans always think when faced with many problems. However, not all problems compel us to think seriously about them. This activity of thinking about something seriously and logically is called reasoning.
Reasoning Traits
The following are the characteristics of reasoning:
- The existence of a pattern of thinking that can be broadly called logic (reasoning is a process of logical thinking).
- The analytical nature of the thought process. Analysis is essentially an activity of thinking based on certain steps. Intuition is a way of thinking analytically.
In detail, reasoning has the following characteristics:
- Logical, a reasoning must fulfill a logical element, meaning that thoughts are weighed objectively and are based on valid data.
- Analytical, means that reasoning activities are inseparable from a person's imaginative power in assembling, compiling or connecting the instructions of his mind into a certain pattern.
- Rational, meaning that what is being reasoned is a fact or reality that can indeed be thought about deeply.
Reasoning Stages
According to John Dewey, the process of human reasoning is carried out through the following stages:
- Difficulties arise, both in the form of adaptation to tools, difficulty recognizing characteristics, or in explaining things that appear suddenly.
- Then the difficulty is defined in the form of a problem.
- A possible solution arises in the form of conjecture, hypothesis, inference or theory.
- Solving ideas are described rationally through the formation of implications by collecting evidence (data).
- Strengthening evidence of these ideas and concluding through statements or experiments.
Reasoning methods
Here are some reasoning methods.
1. Deductive
The deductive thinking method is a method of thinking that applies general things first to be connected in specific parts. It is a system of compiling previously known facts in order to reach a logical conclusion. In deductive reasoning, this is done through a series of statements called syllogisms and consists of several elements, namely:
- Main premise (major premise)
- Second premise (minor premise)
- Conclusion
Example:
Major premise: All high school students in class X are required to take Sociology lessons.
Minor premise: Bob is a high school class X student
Conclusion: Bob must attend Sociology lessons
2. Inductive
The inductive thinking method is a method used in thinking by starting from things that are specific to determine general conclusions. In this inductive reasoning, conclusions are drawn from a set of facts, events or statements that are general in nature.
Example:
1. Proof 1: metal 1 expands when heated
2. Proof 2: metal 2 expands when heated
3. Proof 3: metal 3 expands when heated
Conclusion: All metals expand when heated.
3. Scientific Approach (Combine between Deductive and Inductive)
The scientific approach is a method of reasoning that combines deductive thinking with inductive thinking. In the scientific approach, reasoning is accompanied by a hypothesis.
For example, a student who, before going to school, has had breakfast in large portions, he will not starve until class ends. Deductively, it will be concluded that any child who eats a lot will not get hungry quickly.
To answer cases like this, we ask the question why does a student get hungry quickly? For this reason, we propose the hypothesis that students will quickly get hungry if the food eaten does not meet nutritional standards and the energy produced by the food is small. Then we test inductively to find out whether the test results support or not support the hypothesis proposed.
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