√ Peroxisomes: Definition, Structure, Function and Formation

September 07, 2023
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Peroxisomes: Definition, Structure, Function and Formation - On this occasion About Knowledge will discuss about Peroxisomes. Which in this explanation explains the meaning of peroxisomes, briefly and clearly. For more details, see the following article about Peroxisomes.

Peroxisomes: Definition, Structure, Function and Formation

Peroxysome or better known as Peroxisomes is an ancient organelle that has completely metabolized oxygen in primitive eukaryotic cells. Where oxygen is produced from photosynthetic bacteria which is then accumulated into the atmosphere. This is what causes oxygen to be toxic from some cells.

Peroxisomes are organelles that are encased in a single membrane of lipids and contain receptors (absorbing proteins) inside. The task of the peroxisomes is to reduce (oxygen) contained in the cell and carry out oxidative reactions.

In peroxisomes contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from all kinds of substrates to oxygen which produces hydrogen peroxide, namely as a by-product which later became the source of the name of the organelle That.

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This was explained by a medical student from Sweden, namely J.Rhodin 1954, who explained about the organelles in a cell. Furthermore, this explanation was developed by Cristian de Duve in 1967 who was a cytologist from Belgium.

Peroxisome structure

In the structure of peroxisomes it is not easy to find because the density difference is too small with lysosomes. This is why the injection was carried out using Triton WR-1339 and followed by an electron microscope.

From this, the results show that peroxisomes have unique characters. With a small shape like a ball that has a size between mitochondria and ribosomes. Therefore the size is very small in the range of 0.2-2 µm which are grouped into micro objects.

Peroxisome function

In this case the function of peroxisomes is to simplify a long fatty acid through beta-oxidation.

If there is fatty acid in the animal cell, it will form a long medium chain. Where it will then be carried to the mitochondria and ends with being broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

The other functions of peroxisomes include:

As a fuel for cellular respiration resulting from the splitting of fatty acids into small molecular forms;
On the inside of liver cells, it functions to neutralize toxins caused by alcohol and other harmful chemical compounds;
As a producer of an enzyme catalase and oxidase which has the function of being able to transfer hydrogen from substrate so that it can react with oxygen and can produce hydrogen peroxide or H2O2, namely as a producer other.

Peroxisome features

In this case there are characteristics or characteristics of proxisomes that use oxygen and hydrogen in carrying out oxidative reactions.

Looking at the characteristics and characteristics of peroxisomes using oxygen and hydrogen peroxide when carrying out oxidative reactions. With enzymes present in peroxisomes which will use oxygen molecules to release hydrogen atoms from certain organic substrates.

Then hydrogen peroxide will be utilized by catalase to oxidize other substrates. Such as phenol, formaldehyde, alcohol and formic acid. In this reaction, of course, has a role as a detoxification of poison molecules contained in the blood.

The following is the reaction described according to Giese (1974), namely:

RH₂ + O₂ → R + H₂O₂

H₂O₂ + H₂O₂ → O₂ +2h₂O (i.e. catalytic form)

catalase

R H₂ + H₂O₂ → R + 2H₂O (ie peroxidatic form)

catalase

Reactions inside Peroxisomes

In the reaction on peroxisomes using oxygen (O₂) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in carrying out oxidative reactions. Furthermore, the enzymes contained in peroxisomes can utilize a molecule in order to release atoms hydrogen that can be received from certain organic substrates (R) in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen.

In the catalase enzyme utilizing H₂O₂so that it can oxidize substrates such as formaldehyde, alcohol, formic acid and phenol.

Where oxidation reactions play an important role in detoxifying various types of toxic molecules present in the blood. When there is a buildup of hydrogen peroxide, it will then be converted by catalase into oxygen.

Another function that is more important than oxidative reactions is to break down fatty acid molecules in a process commonly called beta-oxidation.

Peroxisome Formation

Peroxisome Understanding Structure, Function and Formation

In the formation of peroxisomes there are 2 theories which explain how peroxisomes are formed and produced by cells. The first theory or commonly called the classical model which explains that peroxisome proteins are synthesized with the help of ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. After that, the peroxisomal proteins enter the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and form the sac (tail) which then twists so that it eventually separates to form peroxisomes free.

While the second theory explains that peroxisomal proteins are synthesized with the help of free ribosomes. Then peroxisomal proteins are released into the cytoplasm and develop into percocysomes.

Peroxisome Diversity

In diversity, peroxisomes have different enzyme compositions in each cell type. The existence of peroxisomes can adapt to changing conditions. For example, yeast cells grown in methanol have large peroxisomes oxidizes methanol and yeast cells grown in sugar have or have peroxisomes small. When the yeast cells are grown in fatty acids, the peroxisomes enlarge to break down the fatty acids into acetyl-CoA through beta-oxidation.

Peroxisomes of Animal and Plant Cells

In this case, peroxisomes in animal cells have 1 type while in plants there are 2 types of peroxisomes. Peroxisomes in animal cells function as biosynthetic from animal peoxisomes to catalyze the initial reaction of plasmalogen formation. Plasmalogen is the most abundant type of phospholipid in myelin. In this case, if the lack of plasmalogen can cause the myelin in the nerve cells to become abnormal. So if peroxisome damage occurs it will result in nerve damage.

There are 2 types of peroxisomes in plants:

Type 1 is found in leaves, whose function is to catalyze the by-product of the reaction of binding CO2 to carbohydrates, which is known as photorespiration. This reaction is called photorespiration because it uses up O2 and then releases CO2. Another type of peroxisome, it is found in seeds that are germinating.
This second peroxisome, known as glyoxysome, has an important function in the breakdown of fatty acids, which are stored in seed fat. Then it becomes the sugar needed in the growth of young plants.

Thus the explanation regarding Peroxisomes: Definition, Structure, Function and Formation, hopefully it can be useful and add to your insight.

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