Pedosphere: Definition, Characteristics, Forming Factors, Structure and Types of Soil
Pedosphere: Definition, Characteristics, Forming Factors, Structure and Types of Soil – What do you mean by pedosphere? On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course about other things that also cover it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it.
Pedosphere: Definition, Characteristics, Forming Factors, Structure and Types of Soil
The pedosphere is the topmost layer of the earth's surface as a place for the soil formation process to take place. Soil is a natural form that is formed from a mixture of rock weathering, inorganic materials, organic matter, water and air that occupies the uppermost part of the lithosphere.
The science that studies soil is called Pedology, while the science that specifically studies the processes of soil formation is called Pedogenesis.
Characteristics of the Pedosphere
-
Soil Color
Differences in soil color are due to the presence of organic matter content, water content, age/level of soil development, content of certain materials. Dark soil color indicates that the soil contains a lot of organic matter.
The topsoil generally contains a lot of organic matter, while the lower soil layers generally have low organic matter, and the color of the soil is determined by the element Fe.
Red soil in Indonesia has an organic matter content of more than 1%, the same as the organic matter content of soils in temperate climates.
- Soil Texture
Soil texture varies from coarse to fine. The size of the soil texture that is 2 mm = < 0.002 mm can be considered as a coarse texture, for example gravel to stone.
The finer texture of the soil consists of sand 2 mm 50, u,, silt 50 p, 2,u,, and clay < 2,u. Soil texture can be known by massaging the wet soil through your fingers.
Example :
- Sand: feels rough in the hand, slightly sticky, and doesn't roll well either
- Clay: feels in the hand not rough and not slippery, slightly sticky, can be rolled or formed into balls.
- Dust: feels selcali in the hand, slightly sticky, and can be rolled or formed into a ball.
- Soil Structure
Soil structure is a small clump of soil grains that occurs due to the presence of organic materials, iron oxides, etc. which bind the grains of sand, silt and clay. The tiny lumps vary in shape, size, and persistence.
The size of the soil structure The size of the soil structure varies. The shape of the plate structure has a thickness of less than 1 mm – 10 mm, prism and pile structures less than 10 mm – more than 100 mm, granules less than 1 mm – more than 10 mm, crumbs less than 1 mm more than 5 mm and lumps less than 5 mm – more than 50 mm.
Resilience (stability) The resistance of the distinguished soil structure is as follows:
- Weak resistance level (grains of soil structure are easily destroyed).
- Moderate level of resistance (grains of the soil structure are rather difficult to destroy).
- Strong resistance level (grains of soil structure are difficult to destroy).
Consistency Indicates the strength of the cohesion of the soil particles or the adhesion of the soil particles with other objects.
Soil that has good consistency will be easy to cultivate and will not stick to processing tools (hoes, plows, and so on).
- Soil Temperature
Soil temperature is highly dependent on heat input, soil specific heat, and heat output. Heat input comes from sunlight and geothermal energy.
Soil temperature greatly affects soil microbial activity. Soil biota activity is very good at temperatures between 18-30°C.
- Soil Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of the soil is the density of the soil per unit volume which is expressed in two limits, viz as follows: Particle density (particle weight) is the mass weight of solid particles per unit volume land.
Usually soil has a particle density of 2.6 grams/cm3, which means that every 1 cm3 of soil volume has a particle density of 2.6 grams. Meanwhile, density (density) is the mass weight of oven-dried soil per unit volume.
- Soil Porosity
Porosity is a ratio between the air pores in the soil and the overall volume of the soil. Porous soil has sufficient pore space for water and air movement, whereas non-porous soil is difficult for water and air to pass through.
- Soil Aeration
Soil aeration is a condition where air enters and leaves the soil. Aeration is good if the entry and exit of air in the soil is not hampered.
Pedosphere Formation Factors
- Climate and climatic factors which include weather and rainfall.
Organisms (Vegetation, Microorganisms) are organisms that greatly influence soil formation processes such as:
- Making weathering process
- Helps the humus formation process
- The influence of vegetation types on soil properties can be seen in temperate climates such as Europe and America
- Contains chemical elements found in plants that affect soil properties.
- Volcanic Rock, Igneous Rock, Sedimentary Rock, and also Metamorphic Rock. All these rocks can be called the parent material.
- Relief Conditions (Topography), Relief Conditions of an area will affect the thickness or thickness of the soil layer.
- Time, soil is a natural object that is constantly changing, due to weathering and continuous washing.
Soil Impact and Damage to Life
Soil damage that is happening at this time is the impact of uncontrolled environmental utilization resulting in an environmental crisis.
The impact that is felt in human life is the reduction of fertile land which makes it more and more depletion of land that can be used as production locations for agricultural needs (matters related to agriculture) man.
Soil Structure
- Plate (Platy), found in the A horizon.
- Prisma (Prosmatic), found in Horizon B in dry climate areas.
- The column (columnar) is found in the B horizon in dry climates.
- Angular Blocky is found in the B horizon in wet climates.
- Globular (Sub Angular Blocky) is found in the B horizon in areas with wet climates.
- Granular (Granular) found in the horizon A.
- Crumb (Crumb), found in the horizon A.
Soil Types
- Peat Soil or Organosol Soil
Organosol soil is a type of soil that is less fertile for farming, this soil is the result of the weathering of swamp plants.
- Sedimentary Soil or Alluvial Soil
Alluvial soil is soil formed from river silt that settles in the lowlands which has fertile soil properties and is suitable for agricultural land.
- Laterite Soil
Laterite soil is infertile soil that was fertile and rich in nutrients but these nutrients are lost because they are dissolved by high rainwater.
- Litosol
Litosol soil is a type of rocky soil with a thin layer of soil. The material comes from a type of igneous rock that has not undergone a complete weathering process. This type of soil can be found on mountain slopes and mountains throughout Indonesia.
Also Read: Land Is
- Regosol
This soil is a new volcanic ash deposit that has coarse grains. Spread mainly on the slopes of the volcano. This land is widely found in the eastern and western parts of Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara.
- Latosol
Latosols are distributed in areas with wet climates, with rainfall of more than 300 mm/year, and altitudes ranging from 300–1,000 meters. This soil is formed from volcanic rock and then undergoes further weathering processes.
- Grumosol
This soil is a mineral soil that has a development profile, rather thick, heavy clay texture, structure granular on the top layer and lumpy to dense on the bottom layer, the consistency when wet is very sticky and plastic.
However, if the dry soil is very hard and cracked, the soil is saturated with base, the permeability is slow, and it is susceptible to erosion. It is distributed in subhumid climate areas, with rainfall less than 2500 mm/year.
- Podsol
This type of soil originates from the parent rock of sand. Spread in areas with wet climates, mountainous topography, for example in Central Kalimantan, North Sumatra and West Papua. Low soil fertility.
- Andosol
This type of soil is a type of soil with mineral content that has developed a profile, rather thick solum, slightly colored grayish brown to black, high organic content, dusty loamy texture, crumb structure, friable and slippery consistency slightly acidic oily, high base saturation and moderate absorption, high moisture, moderate permeability, and sensitive to erosion.
Thus the review from Seputarknowledge.co.id about Pedosphere: Definition, Characteristics, Forming Factors and Types of Soil ,hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.
List of contents
Recommendation:
- Protected Forest: Definition, Function, Legal Basis for Protecting… Protected Forest: Definition, Function, Legal Basis for Protection and Examples - What is meant by protected forest? On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course other things Also…
- Optical Instruments: Definition, Functions, Types and Parts Optical Instruments: Definition, Functions, Types and Parts - What are optical devices and what are their types? On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course other things that...
- √ Definition of the Sun, Structure, Layers, Spectrum &… Definition of the Sun, Structure, Layers, Spectrum & Benefits - In this discussion we will explain about the sun. Which includes the meaning of the sun, the composition of the elements of the sun, the layers of the sun, the sun's light spectrum and the benefits...
- Belief in the Last Days: Definition, Proof, Signs of the Last Hour,… Belief in the Last Days: Definition, Propositions, Signs of the Last Days, Events at the End of Days, Their Functions and Lessons - What is the Meaning of Faith in the Last Day and Its Benefits?
- √ Hydrosphere: Definition, Branches, Cycles, Types and Elements Hydrosphere: Definition, Branches, Cycles, Types and Elements - On this occasion, Around Knowledge will discuss the Hydrosphere. Which in this discussion explains the meaning of the hydrosphere, branches, cycles, types...
- √ Definition of Lithosphere, Types, Materials and Benefits Definition of Lithosphere, Types, Materials and Benefits - In this discussion, Around Knowledge, we will discuss Geography, precisely the lithosphere. Maybe some of us have often heard of it, but it's good if we listen to it...
- LHO Text: Definition, Characteristics, Characteristics, Purpose, Functions,… LHO Text: Definition, Characteristics, Characteristics, Purpose, Function, Structure, Linguistic Rules and Examples - What is what do you mean by LHO Text or Observation Report Text? On this occasion About knowledge.co.id…
- Law of Conservation of Mass: Definition, History, Sound Law And… The Law of Conservation of Mass: Definition, History, Sound of the Law and Experimental Examples - What does the law of conservation sound like mass?, On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course about other things Also…
- Example of Cultural Arts Questions for Class 10 (X) SMA/MA/SMK Semester 1… Examples of Class 10 (X) Cultural Arts Questions for SMA/MA/SMK Semesters 1 and 2 (2019 and 2020) - On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss Multiple Choice Class 10 Cultural Arts Questions and Essay…
- Motivational short stories: definition, writing tips and examples Motivational Short Stories: Definition, Writing Tips and Examples - What is a Motivational Short Story?, On On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss whether it is the Short Story of Friendship and other matters about it. Let's see…
- Pre-literate Age: Definition, Age Division, Types… Pre-literate Age: Definition, Age Division, Types of Humans, and Their Legacy - What is meant by The Age of Pre-literacy? On this occasion, Around the Knowledge.co.id will discuss what is the Age of Pre-literacy and other things Which…
- The Nature of Sociology: Understanding According to Experts, Nature and… The Nature of Sociology: Understanding According to Experts, Nature and History of Its Development - What is essence Sociology?, On this occasion, about the knowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course about other things Also…
- √ Definition of Filtration (Filtering), Centrifugation,… Definition of Filtration (Filtering), Centrifugation, Evaporation, Distillation - In this discussion we will explain about filtration, centrifugation, evaporation, distillation and methods of separating mixtures and examples in full and light. To know…
- √ 23 Definitions of Land According to Experts (Full Discussion) 23 Definition of Land According to Experts (Full Discussion) - In this discussion we will explain the meaning of land according to experts. Which of the following meanings is already based on what was stated...
- Bone Formation Process: Process Differences Each Age and… Bone Formation Process: Differences in the Process of Each Age and Decline in Bone Function -How is the process of formation What is the bone? On this occasion, Around the Knowledge.co.id will discuss what the Reinforcement Process is and other explanations about it. Let us…
- 11 Types of Soil and Explanations (Full Discussion) 11 Types of Soil Following Explanation (Full Discussion) - The interaction between soil forming factors will produce soil with different properties. Based on the forming factors and soil properties, some experts...
- Exogenous Forces That Include Weathering and Erosion (Complete) Exogenous Energy Covering Weathering and Erosion (Complete) - Exogenous energy is the energy that changes or shapes the surface of the earth that comes from outside. For exogenous power also includes several events such as…
- 27 Definition of Knowledge According to Experts (Full Discussion) 27 Definition of Knowledge According to Experts (Full Discussion) - Every human being has been provided by Allah since birth with a perfect mind to absorb and receive knowledge. Science is widely developed into various fields.
- Anabolic Reactions: Definition, Photosynthesis Process and… Anabolic Reactions: Definition, Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis - The body's process of obtaining energy is called metabolism. Metabolism is still divided into 2 namely catabolism and anabolism. On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss what...
- Parts of the Skin: Epidermis, Dermis, Structure And… Parts of the Skin: Epidermis, Dermis, Structure and Functions - On this occasion, Se regarding the knowledge.co.id will discuss the parts of the skin and of course about other things that also cover it. Let's see together…
- Indonesia's Geographical Conditions: Location, Land Condition, System… Geographical Conditions of Indonesia: Location, Land Conditions, Drainage Systems, Weather, Population Conditions and Flora Distribution Fauna - How is the Geographical Condition in Indonesia? Condition…
- Air Pressure: Definition, Types, Gauges, Formulas and… Air Pressure: Definition, Types, Gauges, Formulas and Factors Affecting It - What is meant with air pressure?, On this occasion, Se regarding the knowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course other things...
- Properties of Solutions: Definition and Types of Solutions Properties of Solutions: Definition and Types of Solutions - What are the Properties of the Solution? On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss what are the properties of solutions and other elements about them. Let's take a look at the discussion on...
- 5 Theories of the Formation of the Earth According to Experts (Discuss in full) 5 Theories of the Formation of the Earth According to Experts (Full Discussion) - Earth is the planet that we live in because only the planet Earth has earth's gravity, then what was the process like for the formation of the earth? Here…
- Explain Trachea Structure: Definition, Function, and Disorders… Explain Tracheal Structure: Definition, Function, and Disorders of the Trachea - What is the Trachea? The trachea or windpipe is part of the respiratory system in the form of a tube. For more details, on this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id…
- Branches of Biology and Explanation Branches of Biology and Explanations - Branches of biology are various sciences developed from the field of biology. Biology is a science which studies the ins and outs of living things. Where…
- Standby Scout Material: Ranks, Honor Codes and Requirements… Standby Scout Materials: Ranks, Honor Codes and General Proficiency Requirements - What are the materials for alert level scouts? On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss it, including the level of alert scouts,…
- Islamic Words of Wisdom Islamic Words of Wisdom - On this occasion, SeputihKnowledge.co.id will discuss Islamic Words of Wisdom and examples. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to get more...
- Malihan Rocks (Metamorphic Rocks) and Complete Types Malihan Rocks (Metamorphic Rocks) and Complete Types - Malihan Rocks (Metamorphic Rocks) are rocks that have changed in shape, both physically and chemically, so that they are different from their parent rock. The process by which metamorphic rocks change results from…
- Crafts from Hard Materials: Definition, Types, Techniques,… Crafts from Hard Materials: Definition, Types, Techniques, Stages of How to Make and Examples - What is it handicrafts made of hard materials? On this occasion, Seputarknowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course things…