Transformer: Definition, Functions, Types, Parts, Working Principles, Weaknesses and Winding Formulas

Transformer: Definition, Functions, Types, Parts, Working Principles, Weaknesses and Winding Formulas – What is a transformer and its function?, On this occasion About the knowledge.co.id will discuss it and of course about other things that also cover it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it.

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Transformer: Definition, Functions, Types, Parts, Working Principles, Weaknesses and Winding Formulas

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A transformer or transformer is a device that transfers electric power between 2 or more electrical circuits by means of electromagnetic induction. This transformer is used to change the level of one AC voltage to another level.

The intention of changing the level includes increasing the voltage from 110VAC to 220 VAC or lowering the AC voltage from 220VAC to 12 VAC.

This transformer or transformer works on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction and can only work on alternating current (AC) voltages. The transformer plays a very important role in the distribution of electric power.

The transformer increases the electricity that comes from the power plant by PLN up to hundreds of kilo volts for distribution, and then other transformers lowering the voltage to the voltage needed for every household or office that usually uses AC voltage 220Volts.

A transformer is an electrical equipment that can move and replace electric power from one or more electric circuit to another electric circuit, through a magnetic coupling and based on the principle of induction electromagnet.

Transformers are used widely, both in the field of electric power or electronics. The use of transformers in power systems allows the selection of suitable voltages, and is inexpensive to make each requirement, for example the need for large voltages in the transmission of electrical energy over long distances Far.

In the field of electronics, transformers are used, among others, as impedance couplings between sources and loads; to separate one circuit from another; as well as to limit direct current through or flow alternating current.

Based on frequency, transformers can be grouped into: Power frequency, 50 to 60Hz Deaf frequency, 50Hz to 20kHz Radio frequency, above 30kHz. In the power sector electricity consumption transformers are grouped into: Energy transformers Distribution transformers Measurement transformers, which consist of current transformers and transformers voltage.

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Transformer Function

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  Distribution and Transmission of Electricity

As we know, the distance between the power plant and the electricity load used by customers is relatively very far. So that it will form a voltage drop.

For that we have to increase the voltage before the distribution and transmission of electricity over long distances so that the voltage drop is not too big and more cheap because the cable used is smaller (the greater the voltage, the greater the current, which continues to be small in accordance with the law of conservation power).

Like the State Electricity Industry (PLN), the voltage generated by the generator is 13.8 KV and then increased to 150 KV and then lowered to 380 V for distribution to homes.

• Control Circuit

In electronic equipment such as PCs, chargers and various other equipment, transformers often used to lower the voltage so that it can be used on control voltages (5 Volts, 12 Volts, etc).

Likewise the motor control circuit at the factory, the transformer is used to energize and energize the contactor which is used to turn on and turn off the induction motor.

• Frequency Regulator Circuit

In the world of radio frequency, transformers are also often used to control the amount of frequency produced.

It's just that the shape and dimensions are much smaller than the transformers that are often used in control circuits, especially transformers or power transmission transformers.

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Transformer Types

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  Step up

A step-up transformer is a transformer that has more secondary windings than the primary winding, so it functions as a voltage booster.

This transformer is universally found in electric power plants as a step up to the voltage generated by the generator so that the large voltage is used in long-distance transmission.

• Step-Down

The step-down transformer has fewer secondary windings than the primary winding, so it has a function as a voltage drop. This type of transformer is easy to find, especially in AC-DC adapters.

• Autotransformer

This type of transformer consists of one electrically continuous winding, with a center tap. Some of the primary windings are also secondary windings.

The phase current in the secondary winding is opposite to that of the primary current, so that for the same energy charge the secondary winding can be made with thinner wire than an ordinary transformer.

The advantages of the autotransformer are its small physical dimensions and lower losses than the 2-winding type.

However, this type of transformer cannot provide electrical isolation between the primary winding and the secondary winding.

• Variable Autotransformer

A variable autotransformer is actually an autotransformer whose middle leads can be switched, providing a variable ratio of primary-secondary turns.

• Isolation Transformer

An isolation transformer has a secondary winding that is the same number as the primary winding, the secondary voltage is the same as the primary voltage. However in some designs, the secondary winding is made slightly larger to compensate for the loss.

This transformer functions as isolation between 2 loops. For audio applications, this type of transformer has been largely replaced by couplings.

• Pulse Transformer

A pulse transformer is a transformer specifically designed to provide a pulse wave output. These transformers use a core material that quickly saturates until after the primary current reaches a certain point, the magnetic flux stops changing.

Because the induced emf in the secondary winding is only created when there is a change in magnetic flux, the transformer gives output when the core is not saturated, that is, when the current is in the primary winding turn around.

• 3 Phase Transformer

A 3-phase transformer is 3 transformers that are connected specifically to each other. The primary winding is usually connected by a star (Y) and the secondary winding is connected by a delta.

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Transformer Working Principle

The transformer works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The alternating input voltage across the primary gives rise to a magnetic flux which is ideally all through the secondary winding.

This alternating flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a secondary winding.

If the efficiency is perfect, then all the energy in the primary winding will be transferred to the secondary winding.

A simple transformer is usually composed of 2 insulated coils or wire coils, namely the primary coil and the secondary coil.

The iron core contained in a transformer or transformer is usually a collection of thin iron plates that are isolated and affixed in layers. layer with its use to facilitate the passage of the Magnetic Flux generated by an electric current coil and to reduce the hot temperature that has been it caused.

Some forms of iron plates that form the core of the transformer include:

• E–I Lamination
• E–E Lamination
• L– L Lamination
• U–I Lamination

The ratio of the turns located on the secondary coil to the primary coil determines the ratio of the voltages across the two coils.

For example, 1 turn in the primary coil and 10 turns in the secondary coil will create a voltage that is 10 times the input voltage in the primary coil. This type of transformer is generally called a step-up transformer.

Conversely, if there are 10 turns on the primary coil and 1 turn on the secondary coil, until the voltage generated by the Secondary Coil is 1/10 of the input voltage on the Coil Primary. This type of transformer is often called a Step Down Transformer.

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Transformer Parts

• The primary coil is a transformer coil that is connected to a voltage source.
• The secondary coil is a transformer coil that is connected to the load.
• The iron core is made from an arrangement of dynamo plates arranged in layers.

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Transformer Weaknesses

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  Copper Loss

The I2R loss in the copper winding is caused by the resistance of the copper and the electric current flowing through it.

• Clutch Loss

Losses occur because the primary-secondary coupling is not perfect, so that not all of the magnetic flux is induced by the primary to cut the secondary winding. This loss can be reduced by winding the winding in layers between the primary and secondary.

• Wild Capacity Loss

Losses due to wild capacity contained in the transformer windings. This loss affects the efficiency of the transformer at large frequencies. This loss can be reduced by winding the primary and secondary windings semi-randomly.

• Hysteresis Losses

Losses that occur when the AC primary current rotates direction. Caused because the core of the transformer cannot change the direction of the magnetic flux suddenly. This disadvantage can be reduced by wearing a low reluctance core material.

• Skin Impact Losses

Like any other conductor that always carries alternating current, this current tends to flow on the surface of the conductor.

This increases the capacity loss as well as increases the relative resistance of the windings. This loss can be reduced by using a litz wire, which is a wire consisting of several small insulated wires alternately. For radio frequency use wire or thin sheet of copper as a substitute for ordinary wire.

• Eddy Current Losses

The loss caused by the input emf creates a current in the magnetic core which counteracts the changing magnetic flux and generates an emf.

Due to the changing magnetic flux, there is a repulsion of magnetic flux in the core material. This loss decreases when multi-layered cores are used.

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Transformer Winding Formula

The ratio of turns on a transformer (transformer) is a ratio of the number of turns of a transformer ( transformer) on the secondary coil (Ns) with the number of turns on the primary coil (Np) of the transformer ( transformer).

Formula:

n=Ns/Np

Comparison of the number of primary and secondary windings on the transformer (transformer) determines the ratio of the primary (input) and secondary (output) voltages.

To determine how much shrinkage or increase in voltage we want.

Formula:

Vs/Ns = Vp/Np

Explanation:

• Vs= Primary voltage(input)(Volts)
• Ns= Number of turns in the primary coil (input)
• Vp= secondary voltage(output)(volts)
• Np = Number of turns in the secondary coil (output)

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