√ Understanding of the Parathyroid Glands, Their Functions, Structures and Abnormalities
Definition of the Parathyroid Gland, Function, Structure and Abnormalities – In this discussion we will explain about the Parathyroid Gland. Which includes the understanding, function and structure of the parathyroid glands with a complete and easy-to-understand discussion. For more details, please see the review below carefully.
Definition of the Parathyroid Gland, Function, Structure and Abnormalities
Let's discuss the meaning first carefully.
Definition of Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland in the neck that has the function of secreting or producing parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid gland is located at the back of the thyroid gland or a gland close to the thyroid gland, for this reason this gland is called the parathyroid.
But in rare cases this gland is found within the thyroid gland itself or in the chest. Humans have four thyroid glands. This hormone produced by the parathyroid glands is a parathyroid hormone that has a function as a controller of calcium levels in the blood and bones. This gland will continue to produce constantly until a person is around 30 years old.
Functions of the Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid glands have an important function, namely as a producer of parathyroid hormone, which is a peptide hormone whose function is to regulate calcium levels in the blood and bone, lowers phosphate in the blood, increases phosphate secretion in the urine, and also increases the formation of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active metabolite of vitamin D
There are two effects that can increase calcium concentrations, namely:
- The effect of parathyroid hormone that causes the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones.
- The effect of parathyroid hormone in reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.
Structure of the Parathyroid Gland
A parathyroid gland is usually about 6 mm long, about 3 mm wide and about 2 mm thick. If a person has a gland that is much larger than normal, then that person may be suffering from hyperparathyroidism or a tumor. Often these parathyroid glands are blackish brown in color.
In the human body, there are four parathyroid glands with two parathyroid glands on each side above and below. But this amount varies, can be more or can be reduced.
The parathyroid glands in adults have leader cells (chield cells) which contain the Golgi apparatus, which is where parathyroid hormone is produced. In the thyroid gland there are also oxyphil cells which contain oxyphil granules and a large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm.
Before entering puberty only a few oxyphil cells are found, but after that the number of these cells increases with age. The function of oxyphil cells is still not widely known, it could be that these cells are modifications or remnants of chief cells that no longer produce hormones.
Circulation of blood to the parathyroid glands is often carried out by branches of the inferior thyroid artery on each side. 1/3 of the parathyroid glands in humans have two or more parathyroid arteries.
The parathyroid lymph vessels are numerous and have connections with the lymphatic vessels of the thyroid and thymus glands. The innervation to the parathyroid glands is a sympathetic nerve that is directly from the superior cervical ganglia or metida.
Causes of Abnormal Symptoms of Parathyroid Gland Disease
If the function of the parathyroid glands is not maintained in good condition, you may experience some of the early symptoms or signs that cause parathyroid gland disease.
Below are possible causes that can cause problems with the parathyroid glands.
- Genetic history (family)
- Babies born in a state of mother who has diabetes
- Anti-immune disease (antibodies against parathyroid tissue as foreign bodies)
- Low magnesium levels
- Cancer radiotherapy treatment.
Abnormalities of the Parathyroid Glands
Some of the abnormalities that occur in the parathyroid glands are as follows:
Hypoparathyroid
Conditions in which calcium cannot be taken up by parathyroid hormone makes the hormone unable to work at the tissue level. Hypoparathyroidism can be referred to as a condition in which reduced parathyroid hormone causes the body to experience symptoms of muscle spasms. This is coupled with the amount of calcium in the body in a few conditions.
Hyperparathyroidism
If the amount of parathyroid hormone in the body is large. The function of calcium which is supposed to increase bone strength, instead makes bones brittle quickly.
This is due to increased levels of calcium in the blood causing calcium to precipitate in the kidneys. Hyperparatidoidism will worsen when kidney stones appear. This hyperparathyroidism condition has a large amount of parathyroid hormone.
Thus has been explained about Definition of the Parathyroid Gland, Function, Structure and Abnormalities, hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.
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