√ Tongue: Definition, Structure, Function, Papilla and Process
Tongue: Definition, Structure, Function, Papilla and Process - On this occasion About Knowledge will discuss about the Tongue. Which in this discussion explains the meaning of the tongue, function, structure, papillae, and the process of tasting the tongue briefly and clearly. For more details, see the following article.
Tongue: Definition, Structure, Function, Papilla and Process
The tongue has a function, namely as a sense of taste to give a taste to every object that enters our mouth. Apart from that the tongue functions as a support during the process of chewing and swallowing.
Definition of Tongue
The tongue is striated muscle tissue (skeletal muscle) covered by a mucous membrane. The tongue is also often referred to as lingual (Latin) or in glossal (Greek). The tongue is also one of the organs that are included in the five senses as well as an organ that supports the digestive system.
Tongue Function
The tongue has 3 (three) main functions, namely:
- As a sense of taste
- As a digestive organ to digest and swallow food
- As an organ that plays a role in the process of speaking
Tongue Structure
Most of the tongue is composed of skeletal muscles, there are two types of muscles in the tongue, namely the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The tongue can move in all directions due to these muscles.
The nerve responsible for the tongue is the hypoglossus nerve. In the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, the role is to change the size of the tongue, namely to lengthen, shorten or also widen the tongue. Meanwhile, the extrinsic muscles of the tongue play a role in regulating the movement of the tongue in the oral cavity.
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
The genioglosus muscle functions to protrude the tongue. Often also referred to as the safety muscle, because it is the only muscle of the tongue that can move the tongue forward.
The hypoglossus muscle functions to compress and also retract the tongue so that the back of the tongue is more concave.
The Styloglossus muscle functions to extend and pull the tongue back. This muscle forms the hollow of the tongue so that we can swallow easily.
The palatoglossus muscle functions to elevate the posterior part (back of the tongue) and also assists in the initiation of swallowing.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
The Superior Longitudinal Musculus has the function of retracting, widening the tongue, as well as raising and lowering the tip of the tongue.
The Inferior Longitudinal Musculus has the function of retracting, widening the tongue, as well as raising and lowering the tip of the tongue.
The Tranversus Linguae muscle has the function of lengthening and widening the tongue together with the verticalis Linguae muscle.
The verticalis linguae muscle has the function of extending the tongue along with the transversus linguae muscle.
On the surface of the tongue there are special parts that can or can receive chemical stimulation. This part is referred to as the tip of the tongue. Each tip of the tongue has a different sensitivity to stimuli that we can feel.
- The bitter taste is caused by the stimulation of alkaloids. Examples include coffee, caffeine, etc.
- The sweet taste is caused by the OH groups in organic molecules. For example, there are sugars, ketones, and certain amino acids.
- The salty taste is caused by the stimulation of cations Na+, K+ and also Ca+.
- The sour taste is caused by the stimulation of hydrogen ions.
Types of Papillae
There are several types of papillae that accommodate the tips of the taste buds which are spread all over the surface of the tongue. The papillae are ciliated epithelial cells that are shaped like protrusions. In humans there are about 10,000 papillae of the tongue. There are 4 types of tongue papillae based on their shape, including:
Filiform papillae
Filiform papillae are papillae that have a thread-like shape (fili = thread). These papillae spread evenly across the surface of the tongue. The papillae are responsible for receiving tactile and tasting stimuli.
Circumvallate Papillae
Circumvallate papillae are papillae that are round and arranged like the letter V on the back of the tongue. On the human tongue, usually the number of circumvallate papillae is around 8-14.
Fungiform papillae
Fungiform papillae are a type of tongue papillae that have a mushroom-like shape (fungi = mushroom). These fungiform papillae are scattered on the sides of the tongue as well as the surface of the tip of the tongue.
Foliate papillae
For types, there are very few types of papillae found in humans, some even argue that humans do not have this type of papillae. These papillae are shaped like leaf protrusions on the tongue.
Tongue Tasting Process
Foods and drinks that touch the tongue activate taste receptors that are sensitive to chemical stimuli. The stimulation will be forwarded to the brain in the form of nerve impulses by the nerve cells on the tongue. The brain will receive the information and will translate it, so we can taste the drink and food.
Thus the article about Tongue: Definition, Structure, Function, Papilla and Process. Hopefully it can be useful and increase your knowledge. Thank You.
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