Cloning is: Definition, Types, Benefits and Examples
Cloning is: Definition, Types, Benefits and Examples – In this discussion, we will explain about Cloning. Which includes the meaning, types, benefits and examples of cloning with a complete and easy-to-understand discussion. For more details, please see the review below carefully.
Cloning is: Definition, Types, Benefits and Examples
Let's discuss the meaning of cloning first carefully.
Definition of Cloning
According to the language, the word cloning comes from English, namely "cloning", the notion of cloning is an attempt with the aim of making duplication of an organism through an asexual process or in other words, making a doubling of a living being by asexual means.
In biology, cloning is a process of producing an individual of the same type (population) that is genetically identical. Cloning is a process through asexual reproduction that often occurs in nature and is experienced by some bacteria, insects or plants.
Meanwhile, according to the terminology, the definition of a clone is a population of cells or organisms formed by repeated division of one cell or organism.
Clone means reproduce or duplicate. The term Clone appears which means multiplying DNA in Bacteria. Furthermore, scientists are increasingly defining in every individual from which it can new individuals are produced without having to go through the marriage process even though one is called clone.
The principle of cloning a new individual is to replace the egg nucleus with a definitive cell nucleus then stimulation is carried out on the egg so that it can grow, the egg nucleus which contains half of the definitive cells that called Haploid.
Definition of Clone
- Cell clones are a group of identical cells with various genetic characteristics, all of which originate from one cell.
- Gene clones or can also be called molecular which is a group of copies of genes that have identical properties that are replicated, that is, from one gene that is input to the host cell.
Definition of Cloning According to Experts
The following is the definition of cloning according to experts based on research results and experience.
1. Dr. Abdul Aziz Muhammad bin Uthman Al-Rabiisy
The definition of cloning according to Dr. Abdul Aziz Muhammad bin Uthman Al-Rabiisy is a new invention.
2. Pratiwi Sudarsono
The definition of cloning according to Pratiwi Sudarsono is the asexual multiplication of cells or organisms. The results of the cloning are named clones, which are populations that come from one cell or organisms that have the same set of chromosomes and have identical characteristics to their parents origin.
Cloning Types
The types of cloning that are popular include:
1. Recombinant DNA cloning
Recombinant DNA cloning is the transfer of several strands of the desired DNA through an organism in one genetic replication. For example, DNA cloning is the insertion of DNA into a bacterial plasmid to clone a single gene.
2. Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to obtain the same animal.
3. Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning is a type of cloning that is made to produce a human embryo as an ingredient in a drug research, which aims to obtain functionalized stem cells, to study human development as well as in healing disease.
Benefits of Cloning
The benefits of the action or those obtained in cloning are primarily therapeutic cloning which are expected to be useful for humans, especially in the medical field. The following are the advantages or benefits of therapeutic cloning, namely:
- Cloning could also provide benefits for humans for infertile couples to benefit from.
- Human organs can also be selectively cloned which are used as substitute organs for the owner of the organ cells themselves which can minimize the risk of rejection.
- The newly cloned and regenerated cells will also replace damaged body tissues such as tendons and muscle tissue.
- Cloning technology is also helping medical scientists attempt to turn cells on and off. This is very useful in overcoming cancer and inhibiting the aging process.
- Cloning technology also provides benefits for testing and curing diseases according to. Its purpose is to find cancer drugs, stop heart attacks, and make bone, fat, tissue connector, or cartilage that fits the patient's body for healing and surgical purposes beauty.
History of Cloning
The first time the term cloning was introduced by Gurdon by experimenting in 1960. In his experiments, Gurdon managed to give birth to new tadpoles identical to the parent cells, however tadpoles cannot metamorphose into adults which eventually decomposes by water.
Furthermore, the second experiment was carried out in 1980 by a group of scientists in Granada adapting cloning techniques to transfer nuclei to cattle to increase meat production cow.
One of the scientists in Granada who contributed ideas and concrete results from the cloning technique that year was a scientist named Steen Willadsen. Willadsen also developed the Guron cloning technique.
Willdsen attempted to clone a sheep by using a sheep embryo which then implanted it into a target sheep's egg by removing the nucleus.
From the results of cloning, Willdsen has found five sheep embryos, which are then also used in cloning cows in partnership with a Texas cattle company represented by Dr. Charles, Dr. Frank Barnes and Dr. Ian Wilmuth. The results obtained from this experiment were not as expected.
Newly produced cattle species are more likely to be abnormal, some cows weighing up to 180 pounds, that is two times heavier than normal, there are even many cows affected by diabetes and organ dysfunction diseases other.
In 1997, by adopting the cloning technique he and his team had been working on, he succeeded after 277 attempts by Dr. Ian Willmuth proved that the cloning technique could be carried out on adult mammals, namely sheep, which we know as sheep Dolly.
Dolly the sheep can be reproduced without the need for the help of a ram, but this is created through the mammary glands taken from the ewe.
Dr. Willmuth used mammary glands from Finndorset sheep as cell donor nuclei and blackface sheep egg cells for recipients.
Merging the two cells uses 25 volts of electricity which eventually forms a fusion between blackface sheep cells without a nucleus and finndorsat sheep mammary gland cells.
In the test tube, the results of this fusion will develop into an embryo which is then transferred to the shaft of the blackface sheep.
So that the new species that was born is a species that is identical to the Finndorset sheep. The sheep cloning technique has become a reference for scientists for development in cloning techniques.
Cloning Example
The examples of cloning are:
- Cloning in frogs
- Cloning in mice
- Cloning in plants
Thus has been explained about Cloning is: Definition, Types, Benefits and Examples, hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.
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