Ijtihad Is: Law, Function, Terms, and Types
Ijtihad Is: Law, Function, Terms, and Types – What is meant by Ijtihad? On this occasion About the knowledge.co.id will discuss what Ijtihad is and other elements about it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it.
Ijtihad Is: Law, Function, Terms, and Types
The word ijtihad comes from the word al-juhd, which means al-thaqah (power, ability, strength) or from the word al-jahd has arit al-masyaqqah (difficulties, difficulties). From that, according to the definition of language, the word ijtihad has the meaning "badzl al-wus' wa al-majhud" (exertion of power and ability), or "the exertion of all power and ability towards an activity from strenuous activities and hard". (DR. Nasrun Rusli, The Concept of Ijtihad Al-Shaukani, page 73)
The word "Ijtihad" comes from Arabic, namely "Ijtihada Yajtahidu Ijtihadan" which means that is to exert against everything in bearing the burden. In a way, Ijtihad is done when there is a job that is difficult to do.
In Islam, Ijtihad is one of the third sources of law after the Al-Quran and hadith. The main function of Ijtihad is to establish a law which is not discussed in the Qur'an and hadith.
The person who carries out an Ijtihad is called a Mujtahi which is a person who is an expert on the Koran and hadith.
There is also one example of implementation in Ijtihad, namely in the process of determining the 1st of Ramadan and the 1st of Shawwal, in which the scholars discussed based on Islamic law to determine and determine 1 syawal.
The Proof of Ijtihad Law
There are several legal bases required for ijtihad, including:
Al-Qur'an
The legal arguments for ijtihad originate from the Qur'an, namely:
“O you who believe, obey Allah and obey the Messenger (His), and ulil amri among you. Then if you disagree about something, then return it to Allah (the Quran) and the Messenger (the Sunnah), if you really believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is more important (for you) and better the result”. (QS. An-nisa: 59)
and his other words:
"... So take a parable, O you who have views". (QS. Al-Hashr: 2)
According to the first word, the purpose of being returned to Allah and the Messenger is that for everyone who studies the Qur'an and Hadith to be more can research laws that have reasons, so that they can be applied to other legal events, and this is ijtihad.
In the second word, For everyone who is skilled in understanding and contemplating it is ordered to take parables, and this means that it requires them to do ijtihad. Therefore, there must always be scholars who must carry out ijtihad. (Jalaluddin Rahmat, Basic Islamic Law, page 163).
Al-Hadith
Prophet s.a.w. said: “Make your ijtihad, because each person will easily achieve what is meant for him." (Jalaluddin Rahmat, Basic Islamic Law, page 163)
"The judge, if he performs ijtihad and then reaches the truth, he will get two rewards (the reward for doing ijtihad and the reward for truth as a result). if he performs ijtihad and does not reach a truth, he will receive a reward (reward for doing ijtihad).” (Hadith narrated by Bukhari and Muslim)
Consensus
Every Muslim and its various madhabs have agreed on the recommendation of ijtihad, and indeed this ijtihad has been properly practiced. Among the fruits and results of this ijtihad is one fiqh law which is quite rich which was spawned by the mujtahids from the past until now. The only thing is that there are also cases where there is no text which requires ijtihad in order to clarify the syara' law by using one of the istidlal methods.
Therefore, Islamic Shari'a needs to stipulate all the laws of the actions of the servants of Allah SWT if there is no other way than ijtihad. (Dr. Yusuf Al Qardlawy, Ijtihad in Islamic Shari'a - Some Analytical Views on Contemporary Ijtihad, p. 100)
Functions and Benefits of Ijtihad
The function of aru ijtuhad is basically to assist humans in finding a legal solution to a problem for which there is no evidence in the Qur'an and hadith. Not only that, the purpose of Ijtihad is to meet the needs of Muslims in worshiping Allah at a certain time and place.
In this case, Ijtihad has been considered to have a position and legality in Islam. However, ijtihad may not be carried out by random people, only certain people who meet the requirements may carry out ijtihad. So, here are some of the benefits of Ijtihad, namely:
- If Muslims are facing a new problem, then the law will be known.
- Adjusting the laws that have been in force in Islam so that they are in accordance with the circumstances, time and developments of the times.
- Determining and stipulating fatwas on all issues that are not related to halal-haram.
- Helping Muslims in dealing with a problem that has no law in Islam.
Conditions of Ijtihad (Mujtahid)
As previously explained, only certain people and those who meet the requirements can carry out Ijtihad. The conditions for becoming an Ijtihad are as follows:
- Knowing the contents of the Qur'an and hadith related to the law, even though it is not memorized by rote.
- Must know Arabic and tools related to it such as Nahwu, Shorof, Ma'ani, Bayan, Bad'i, so that they can interpret the verses of the Qur'an or As-Sunnah by thinking Correct.
- It is necessary to know the widest possible knowledge of the science of usul fiqh and qoidah-qoidah fiqh, because knowledge is the basis of ijtihad.
- It is necessary to know the matters of ijma', so that there are no opinions that contradict the ijma'.
- Must know nasikh mansukh from Al-Qur'an and As-Sunnah.
- Knowing history and being able to distinguish: which hadiths are valid and hasan, which are dhoif, which are accepted and mardud.
- Knowing the secrets of tasyri'i (asrarusy syari'ah) which are qoidahs that explain the purpose of syara' in placing the burden of taklif on themukallaf.
Types of Ijtihad
Ijtihad is divided into 7 types. Referring to the meaning of Ijtihad above, the following are several types of Ijtihad, namely as follows:
Ijma'
The definition of Ijma' is an agreement by the scholars in establishing Islamic religious law based on the Qur'an and hadith in a case. The result of the agreement of these scholars is in the form of a fatwa implemented by Muslims.
Qiyas
The definition of Qiyas is a legal determination in a new problem that has never existed before, However, they have similarities (benefits, causes, harms) like other problems so that a law is determined The same.
Maslahah Mursalah
The definition of Maslahah Mursalah is a way of establishing a law based on considerations of its benefits and uses.
Sududz Dzariah
The definition of Sududz Dzariah is a legal termination in matters that are mubah makruh or unlawful for the benefit of the people.
Istishab
The definition of Istishab is a determination of law or rules in Islam so that there is a proper reason for changing the decree.
Urf
The definition of Urf is a determination of whether or not a custom and freedom is permissible in a society as long as it does not conflict with the Qur'an and hadith.
ishsan
The definition of istisan is an act that leaves one law against another because of the shari'a argument that requires it.
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