Factors Inhibiting Social Mobility: Definition, Pushing Factors and Explanations

Social Mobility Inhibiting Factors: Definition, Pushing Factors and Explanations – What is the meaning of social mobility and its inhibiting factors? On this occasion About the knowledge.co.id will discuss it, including nutritional content and of course other things that also cover it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it

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Factors Inhibiting Social Mobility: Definition, Pushing Factors and Explanations

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Social mobility is the transfer of position or position of a person or group of people from one layer to another. Mobility itself comes from the Latin word, namely mobilis, which means easy to move or move a lot from one place to another. The word social in social mobility implies an individual or community group within a social group.

Social mobility can be vertical or horizontal.

Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one social position to another that has different degrees. Upward vertical mobility refers to an increase in status and a better position. Meanwhile, downward vertical mobility is a decrease in status and position to become lower.

Horizontal social mobility is the movement of an individual or group in the same social layer. We can see an example in Pak Dahlan's situation. Mr. Dahlan is a civil servant whose work place was transferred to another area, but he is still in the same position.

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Factors Inhibiting Social Mobility

The following factors become obstacles to social mobility, namely:

• Race and religious differences

Social mobility can be hampered by racial and religious factors. Race differences lead to differences in social status. Here are some examples.

Differences in the level of race that has occurred in South Africa. The white race ruled and gave no chance to those who were black in government as rulers. However, after apartheid politics ended, Nelson Mandela from black circles became President of South Africa.
Caste system in India. The system does not allow someone from a low caste to rise to the highest caste.
In religion, a person is not justified freely and at will to change religions to achieve a certain status.

• Class Discrimination

Class discrimination in an open class system can hinder upward mobility. This is proven by the limitation on the membership of a certain organization with various terms and conditions, for example, members of the DPR are limited to only 500 people.

• The influence of socialization is very strong

Socialization is a process in which a child learns to participate in becoming a member of society. If this socialization process goes well, then the patterns of behavior, perspectives, and perceptions will deeply ingrained so that it is difficult to be influenced by elements of social class other. For example, in general, a child who is raised in a family living in a simple village will live up to all the norms and values his family, so that he will reject or even avoid when meeting the values ​​and norms in urban society that are considered inappropriate done.

• Poverty

Poverty can limit the opportunity for someone to develop and achieve a certain social status. For example, Ananda decided not to continue his studies because his parents could not afford it.

• Gender differences

Gender differences affect achievement, power, social status, and opportunities for advancement. Men are seen as having a higher degree and tend to experience social movement more easily than women. For example, women who live in simple villages feel that their role is only as a housewife. It is influenced by the general views that exist in society.
Differences in interests

The existence of differences in interests between individuals in an organization causes each individual to compete with each other for something. Differences in interests often lead to mutually inhibiting attitudes in achieving its goals.

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Factors Driving Social Mobility

The following factors facilitate Social Mobility:

• Motivation:

Every individual has a desire not only to have a better way of life but also to improve his social attitudes. In an open system it is possible to achieve any state. This openness motivates people to work hard and improve skills so that one can reach a higher social status. Without such motivation and effort, individual social mobility is impossible.

• Achievements and Failures:

Achievement here refers to an outstanding performance, usually unexpected, that draws public attention to one's abilities. Not all achievements will result in social mobility. Achievements affect status only if they are outstanding. For example, a poor man who has acquired wealth or an unknown writer who has won a literary prize will increase his status.

Failures and misbehavior have the same effect on downward mobility. Fraudulent bankruptcy would remove members of the upper class from the blue book; he would not accept dinner invitations from his friends and he would become ineligible as a marriage partner. If he is married, his wife can divorce him. He had to resign from his club and all positions he held. But he will not become a member of the lowest strata, although it will be difficult for him to find new associations.

• Education:

Education not only helps a person to acquire knowledge but is also a passport for job positions for higher prestige. To become a doctor we must have education in science subjects. Similarly, to appear in competitive I.A.S. examinations, one must be at least a graduate.

Only after obtaining a minimum formal education can individuals aspire to occupy a higher position. It is through education that in modern India the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are not only capable changing their traditional jobs but also starting to occupy jobs with higher prestige. In a modern industrial society where status can be attained, education is a basic need.

• Skills and Training:

Each society makes provisions for imparting skills and training to the younger generation. In order to acquire skills and training, one has to spend a great deal of time as well as money. Why are these people wasting money and time? The reason is because society gives incentives to people like that. When they complete their training, they are entitled to a high position, which is far better than any position they might have taken without such training.

Society not only confers a higher social status but also grants higher economic rewards and other privileges to those who have this training. Keep in mind these incentives people undergo this training with the hope of moving up the social ladder. In other words, skills and training facilitate promotion of position, which leads to social mobility.

• Migration:

Migration also facilitates social mobility. People migrate from one place to another either due to pull or push factors. Certain places may not have the opportunity and facilities for repair. Therefore, people are forced to migrate to other places to make a living. In new places, where they migrate, may have different loopholes and opportunities.

These people take advantage of these opportunities and improve their social position. We can take the example of people belonging to the Listed Castes of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, who migrated to the State of Punjab and Haryana to make a living. Here they become farm labourers.

After collecting the money, they returned to the village and bought land. They cultivated their own land and became the owners of the fields. Hence, from the traditional work of settlers or scavengers, they raised their status and became owner cultivators. A similar situation also occurs with Asians migrating to various European countries and the United States.

The pull factor attracts people because they don't have that facility in their place of residence and a new place attracts them with provide these facilities, so that after acquiring new skills and knowledge, they can occupy more positions Good.

People migrate from villages to cities because urban centers have higher status institutions as well as opportunities for employment. People come to urban areas to acquire education and skills and occupy a higher position than their parents and siblings who continue to live in villages. In this way we find that both push and pull factors cause migration which in turn facilitates social mobility.

• Industrialization:

The Industrial Revolution ushered in a new social system in which people were given status according to their abilities and training. No importance is given to their caste, race, religion or ethnicity. Industrialization, resulting in mass production at a cheaper rate. This forced the artisans out of their jobs. In search of work they migrate to industrial cities.

They gain new vocational training and find jobs in industry. With experience and training they move up the social ladder. In industrial societies, status is attained, whereas in traditional societies such as India, status is ascribed to birth. Hence industrialization facilitates greater social mobility.

• Urbanization:

There are more people in cities, they have formal relations. People don't know each other intimately. The city center is characterized by anonymity. People are close to their friends and relatives only. Urban settlements confer secrecy on an individual's caste and background. An individual's position is largely dependent on his education, occupation and income rather than his background.

If a person has higher education, income and is engaged in work with higher prestige, he occupies a high social status regardless of caste. Urbanization facilitates social mobility by removing factors that hinder social mobility.

• Constitution:

The enactment of new laws can also facilitate social mobility. When the Zamindari Abolition Act was passed, most of the sharecroppers became owner farms indicating an increase in their status, i.e. from tenants to owner farms. Likewise, legal provisions for job reservation and promotion for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have also aided in social mobility.

Reservations in connection with admissions to professional colleges, job reservations and promotions have a large number of individuals from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to increase status they. When V.R Singh Govt received the report of Mandal Commission it provided job reservation for other Retreat Classes (OBC) as well.

Likewise, the justice system by issuing certain decisions can also facilitate social mobility. Hindu Marriage Laws have in various ways improved the status of women. Likewise, the Hindu Succession Act has given equal rights to daughters in family property. The American Anti-Racial Discrimination Act has facilitated the social mobility of people of both black race and women. In this way we find that legal provisions also facilitate social mobility.

Politicization:

With education and greater exposure to mass communication media as well as greater contacts have made people aware of their rights. Political parties also educate people about their rights. To achieve their rights, people unite and force the ruling authorities to accept their demands. These people may use agitation, strikes etc. as a method to achieve their desired goals.

Political parties to get votes give a number of concessions. With the help of these new concessions and conditions, they increased their social status. Some people can become political leaders, ministers, cabinet ministers or chief ministers of a country.

Many such examples can be found in the current Indian government. This has resulted in upward social mobility for them. Likewise, with greater political awareness with representation in State assemblies and Parliament they can (once the government enacts certain laws help more segments of society low.

• Modernization:

The modernization process involves the use of modern scientific knowledge and technology. It also refers to rationality and a secular way of life. With the improvement of technology, people involved in low prestige jobs such as scavengers throw away their traditional jobs and take jobs that are not dirty and have no effect pollution.

In this way, they change their position upwards. Likewise, the level of development of a country also facilitates or hinders social mobility. Less developed and traditional societies continue with the old system of stratification and with accretionary status.

While developed and modern societies pave the way for greater opportunity and competition, only in developed countries are there greater chances of attaining status. In other words, modernization facilitates social mobility.

The aspiration to move up also results in frustration and various mental and psychological problems. An individual is given to understand that he can attain any status. But in reality this is not the case, his social background, birth within a race, ethnicity, facilitates or hinders his opportunities for social mobility. Likewise, countries that lack avenues for social mobility also suffer from stagnation and lack of development. In short, social mobility has both positive and negative consequences.

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