√ Definition of Plant Tissue, Structure, Characteristics, Functions & Kinds

Definition of Plant Tissue, Structure, Characteristics, Functions & Kinds - On this occasion About Knowledge will discuss about Plant Network. Which in the discussion this time is one of the material for class XI, namely about tissue in plants. For more details, see the following review.

Definition of Plant Tissue, Structure, Characteristics, Functions & Kinds

Understanding the network itself is often misunderstood from the notion of a colony. The definition of tissue is defined as a collection of cells that are active in all life processes in plants, namely active photosynthesis, active metabolism and active reproduction.

Definition of Plant Tissue

Network is a group of cells that have the same origin, function, and structure. More specifically, the meaning of plant tissue is when there are cells that gather and work together to perform a function in a tissue in a plant.

As well as being active in carrying out the collection of nutrients, so that it can be concluded that they are only individuals who gather. An example in this case is a colony of algae.

At the beginning of plant growth, all the cells in the plant divide themselves. However, with further development and growth, cell division becomes limited to certain parts of the plant.

Meristem cells in plants will grow as well as undergo specialization in morphology and physiology (undergoing differentiation). So that it forms various kinds of networks and does not have the ability to divide itself. This network is referred to as the mature network.

In mature tissue there is an arrangement of higher plant organs, including the following:

1. Protective Tissue (epidermis)
2. Ground tissue (parenchyma)
3. Reinforcing Network (support)
4. Transport (vascular) tissue
5. Secretary Network

Definition of Plant Tissue According to Experts

Here are some definitions of plant tissue according to experts:

According to Nurhayati

Plant tissue is a network composed of cells that have different titopotential abilities from animal tissue, plant tissue is tissue that has the ability if these plant organisms can reproduce themselves negatively considering the ability of the plant body to consist of cells (Nurhayati, 2012, p.6).

According to Avivi

Structural tissue is a basic tissue system that synthesizes organic compounds that support factories and plants provide storage for plants in this case some collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells (Avivi, 2004, p. 27).

According to Soedikoesomo

Plant tissue is a collection of plant cells that have the same shape, origin, function and structure. Tissues in plants consist of young tissue (meristem) and mature tissue (Soerdikoesomo, 2007, p.177).

Tissue Structure and Function in Plants

Plants grow on two kinds of tissue, namely meristem tissue and mature tissue. Well, here is the structure of the network in plants.

Plant Meristem Tissue (Embryonic Tissue).

Network maristem i.e. it consists of a group of cells that do not change (remain) in the division phase.

These meristem cells have several properties, such as:

• Consists of young cells in the phase of division and growth.
• Among meristem cells, there is usually no space between cells.
• The cells are round, oval, or polygonal in shape with a thin cell wall.
• Each cell contains a lot of cytoplasm and contains one or more cell nuclei.
• Cell vacuoles are very small or even absent.

Maristem network based on its position

1. Apical meristern namely at the tip of the main shoot and also lateral shoots and root tips.
2. Intercalary meristem that is between mature tissues, for example in the meristems at the base of the segments of plants belonging to the grass tribe.
3. Lateral meristem that is parallel to the surface of the organ where it is found, for example in the cambium and cork cambium (phellogen).

Maristem network based on its origin

1. Primary meristem tissue that is, the cells develop directly from embryonic cells (apical meristems).
2. Primary system network Derived from core cells known as promeristem, based on the theory put forward by Haberlandr, these cells will develop into protoderm, procambium, and ground merisrem.

Meanwhile, cork cambium is found in the bark of plant stems and can form cork tissue that is difficult or even impermeable to water. Cork cells generally have a dead nature.

Meristem Network Properties

• The shape resembles a round, oval, or polygonal cell with a thin cell wall.
• Each of the cells is rich in cytoplasm and contains one or more nuclei.
• Composed of several young cells in the phase of division and growth.
• Cell vacuoles are very small or even absent.
• In general, there are no intercellular spaces between meristem cells.

Meristem Network Characteristics

• Actively dividing and also has not undergone the process of differentiation.
• Smaller size and thinner walls.
• The nucleus and vacuoles are small and contain lots of cytoplasm.
• Has a cuboidal or prismatic shape.

Adult meristem tissue in plants

Mature meristem tissue is a network that has undergone differentiation. This network is no longer experiencing divisions or is no longer active.

Properties of Mature Plant Tissues

• There is no splitting activity
• Has a larger size compared to meristem cells
• Has a large vacuole so that the cell plasma is small and the membrane is attached to the cell wall
• Not infrequently the cells have died
• The cell wall has thickened according to its function
• There are intercellular spaces between the cells

Epidermis (protective tissue) in plants

Epidermal tissue is the outermost layer of each plant organ such as roots, stems, leaves, fruits, flowers, seeds). Epidermal tissue serves as a protector that covers all plant organs. Epidermal tissue originates from the protoderm.

Epidermal characteristics

• Composed of living cells
• Has a rectangular shape
• The cells are dense and have no intercellular spaces
• Has no chlorophyll
• The epidermal cell wall on the inside is thickened, while the cell wall on the da; am still thin.
• Undergoes modification so that it becomes stomata, trichomes, spina, velamen, fan cells, and also grit cells.
• As you already know, epidermal tissue is a tissue in plants in the form of a layer of cells located on the outside.
• Usually this tissue is found on the surface of primary plant organs such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.

So it can be concluded that this tissue has a function as a protector of the inside of the plant from all external influences that can potentially damage the growth of the plant itself.

Ground Tissue (Plant Parenchyma)

Parenchyma tissue is plant tissue formed from the presence of a collection of living cells. This network has a variety of structures and physiology. This network also still carries out all the physiological process activities, especially in mature (old) tissues.

Parenchyma can also be found as stem pith. This tissue in plant leaves forms the leaf mesophyll which sometimes differentiates into a palisade and spongy tissue.

Based on its function, parenchyma tissue in plants is divided into 5 types, namely:

1. Network Water parenchyma (Can be found in xerophytic or epiphytic plants as water hoarders to survive the dry season).
2. Network Assimilation parenchyma (Functions in the process of making food, is in the green part of the plant).
3. Network Air parenchyma (It functions as a buoy in plants. This parenkin tissue can be found on Canna sp. leaf stalks. as air storage).
4. Network Hoarder parenchyma (Serves as a storage place for food reserves in the form of sugar, flour, protein, and fat. This network can be found in roots, rhizomes, stem pith, tubers, and tubers).
5. Network Transport parenchyma (Functions as a transport vessel in the form of food or water. This happens because the cells are elongated according to the direction of transport.

Parenchyma tissue in plants based on their shape, is divided into 4 types, namely:

1. Network palisade parenchyma is the tissue that makes up the mesophyll in leaves. Can be found in seeds with long, upright cell shapes and contains lots of chloroplasts.
2. Network Fold parenchyma found in the mesophyll of pine and rice leaves. This network occurs because there is an inward folding of the cell wall and contains lots of chloroplasts.
3. Network spongy parenchyma serves to arrange the leaf mesophyll and its size is irregular and the space between cells is wide.
4. Network stellate parenchyma (actinenchyma) can be found on the leaf stalks of Canna sp. with a star-like shape continuous at the end.

Parenchyma Network Characteristics

• The cells are multifaceted.
• The cell wall is thin and has a large vacuole as a place to store food reserves.
• The location of the network core is close to the base of the cell.
• Has many intercellular spaces that function as a place for gas exchange.

Mechanical Network (Amplifying Network)

Reinforcing network or also called mechanical network serves to provide strength to the plant body so it can stand upright. Plant strengthening tissue is divided into two types based on the nature and shape, namely collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue.

Plant Collenchyma Tissue

Collenchyma is a plant tissue that has a function as a strengthening network, especially in parts of plant organs that are still actively dividing and growing and developing. Collenchyma tissue consists of living cells.

This tissue has a slightly elongated cell shape, and only has a primary wall with irregular thickening that is soft and flexible in texture. This is because the collenchyma tissue of plants does not contain lignin but chloroplasts and tannins.

We can find plant collenchyma tissue in stems, leaves, flowers and fruit. You can also find this plant tissue on roots exposed to the sun.

Characteristics of Collenchyma Network

• It has a thick and strong structure
• Can experience specialization
• Found in stems, leaves and seeds
• The cells are thickened at the corners
• The thickening is cellulose
• In general, groups form strands or cylinders

Collenchyma Network Function

• Supports and strengthens the shape of the plant
• Protect carrier files
• Strengthen parenchyma tissue

Plant Sclerenchyma Tissue

Sclerenchyma is a plant strengthening tissue that has a thick secondary wall and this tissue also contains lignin. Sclerenchyma tissue in plants has spongy cells and does not contain protoplasts.

In other words, sclerenchyma tissue consists of cells that have died but have thick cell walls. Sclerenchyma tissue is divided into two kinds, namely fibers and sclereids (stone cells).

Characteristics of Sclerenchyma Network

• Experiencing thickening in all parts of the cell wall
• Thickening in the form of lignin
• Like dead cells
• Generally found in plant organs that are no longer experiencing growth and development
• Located in pericycle, cortex and between xylem and phloem

Functions of Sclerenchyma Network

• As a tool to withstand pressure from the outside
• Protects and strengthens the inside of the cell
• As a support tool

Carrier Network

There are two types of transport tissues in plants, namely phloem and xylem. Phloem can be composed of sieve tubes, companion cells and also phloem parenchyma. Meanwhile, the type of xylem transport tissue is the trachea and tracheida as well as fibers and xylem parenchyma.

Xylem has a role in transporting minerals and water from the roots to the leaves. While phloem plays a role in the process of transporting the results of photosynthesis from the leaves and distributed throughout the plant body such as stems, roots and tubers.

Xylem

Xylem is a complex plant transport tissue which consists of various kinds of cell shapes.

In general, the cells that make up xylem are dead with their thick walls composed of layers of lignin. So that xylem also has a function as a strengthening network. The xylem elements themselves consist of tracheal elements, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma.

1. Tracheal elements is an element that has a function in transporting water complete with dissolved substances in it, with cells that the shape is elongated, does not contain protoplasts or is dead, the cell wall is lignified and has various types dot.
2. Xylem fiber are elongated cells with secondary walls covered with lignin. There are two xylem fibers in plants, namely libriform fibers and tracheid fibers.
3. Xylem parenchyma Plants are generally composed of living cells. Xylem parenchyma cells in plants have a function as a food reserve.

Phloem

Phloem is a transport network that exists in plants which functions as a transporter and distributor of food substances from the results of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant body.

Phloem consists of several types of cells that are alive and dead. The phloem elements themselves consist of:

• filter element, tubular with a hollow end
• companion cell, cylindrical in shape with a close plasma
• phloem Fiber, long with narrow ends and thick walls
• phloem parenchyma, the cells are alive, have a primary wall with small holes called nodes. Phloem parenchyma contains starch, resin, or crystals.

Plant Idioblast Tissue

Idioblast is a tissue that exists in plants composed of cells that have different functions with cells that are around it. Idioblast tissue can be in the form of glands or in the form of a secretory tool in food tissue.

Gland

Gland is a tissue composed of a group of cells capable of producing a substance. The substance is then released by the producing cells. There are two types of glandular cells in plants, namely epithelial glands and epithelial glands.

Secretion tool

Secretion tool is a cell or group of cells that has the function of producing certain substances, however, these substances are not secreted by the cells that have produced these substances.

Secretory tools can be found in various types of plant tissues such as sap ducts, resin and oil cells, mucus cells, myrosin cell collections, and also tanning cells.

Cork Network

Cork network is a network composed of cork cells that are elongated in shape. The cork network functions to protect other tissues underneath so that it doesn't lose too much water. Cork cells can be found on the outer surface of the stem.

Cork Network Characteristics

• Composed of cork parenchyma cells
• It is a dead and empty cell
• Elongated and cork-walled

Kinds of Cork Networks

Cork tissue consists of two kinds, among others, as follows.

1. Felem namely cork tissue formed by cork cambium directed outward and its dead cells
2. Feloderm namely cork tissue formed by cork cambium inward and its living cells resemble parenchyma.

Thus a brief review about Definition of Plant Tissue, Structure, Characteristics, Functions & Kinds. Hopefully it can be useful and add knowledge to all of us. Thank You.