Erythrocyte: Definition, Characteristics, Function, Structure and Formation Process
Erythrocytes: Definition, Characteristics, Functions, Structure and Formation Process- What kinds of energy are there? Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it.
Erythrocyte: Definition, Characteristics, Function, Structure and Formation Process
Red blood cells, erythrocytes, erythrocytes are the most numerous and functional types of blood cells binds oxygen needed for the oxidation of body tissues through the blood in bony animals behind. There are about 5 million red blood cells per mm3.
Red blood cells or also known as erythrocytes come from the Greek, namely erythros which means red and kytos which means sheath/cell)
The interior of the red blood cell is composed of hemoglobin, a biomolecule that can bind oxygen. Hemoglobin will take oxygen from the lungs and gills, and oxygen will be released when the erythrocytes pass through the capillaries.
The red color comes from the color of hemoglobin, which is made up of iron. In humans, red blood cells are made in the spinal cord, then form a biconcave disk. Inside the red blood cell there is no nucleus. Red blood cells themselves are active for 120 days before they are finally destroyed.
Erythrocytes are part of the blood cells with the largest number in the body whose production differs between the fetus and the period after birth. In the first few weeks of embryonic life, primitive nucleated red blood cells are produced in the yolk sac.
Then entering the middle of the trimester of gestation, the production of erythrocytes is taken over by the liver (the main organ for producing erythrocytes), spleen and lymph glands. After that, for about the last month of pregnancy and after birth, red blood cells are produced only in the bone marrow.
The human erythrocyte disk has a diameter of about 6-8 μm and a thickness of 2 μm, which is smaller than most other cells found in the human body. A normal red blood cell has a volume of about 9 fL (9 femtoliters). About one third of that volume is made up of hemoglobin, a total of 270 million hemoglobin molecules, where each molecule carries 4 heme groups.
Adults have 2–3 × 10 13 RBCs at any time (women have 4–5 million RBCs per microliter of blood and men have 5–6 million. Whereas people who live at high altitudes who have low oxygen levels tend to have more red blood cells).
Erythrocytes are contained in the blood in high numbers compared to other blood particles, such as white blood cells who only have about 4000-11000 white blood cells and platelets who only have 150000-400000 in each microliter of blood man.
In humans, hemoglobin in red blood cells has the role of delivering more than 98% of oxygen throughout the body, while the rest is dissolved in the blood plasma. Erythrocytes in the human body store about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the iron content in the human body.
Characteristics of Erythrocytes
- It has a shape that is flat round which is concave or biconcave in the middle
- Does not have a cell nucleus
- It has a red color because it contains hemoglobin
- The lifespan of red blood cells is approximately 120 days
- Red blood cells have a number of 4-5 million cells/mm3 of blood
- Red blood cells are 7-8 um in diameter and 1-2 um in thickness
- Red blood cells have elastic properties
Erythrocyte function
- Channel or spread blood that contains lots of oxygen (O2) from the lungs to all body tissues.
- As a good acid-base buffer for the whole blood
- Erythrocytes contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is an enzyme that has a function as a speed increaser catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to make carbohydrate acids (H2CO3) with thousands of fold.
- Hemoglobin (Hb) as an erythrocyte substance has a role in preventing pathogens or bacteria through the process of lysis by releasing free radicals which can melt the cell membrane of pathogens and kill them bacteria. For this reason, it can be said that erythrocytes have a role in maintaining the immune system (antibodies).
- Erythrocytes have a role in dilating blood vessels. This mechanism can occur because there is a compound S-Nitthrosothiol which is released when Hemoglobin (Hb) undergoes deoxygenation.
Erythrocyte structure
The structure of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is normal, that is, they do not have a nucleus and the shape is a biconcave plate with a midline about 7-8 micrometers and 2.5 micrometers thick, while in the very thick and about 1 micrometer in the the middle.
The shape of the red blood cell can change as it passes through the capillaries, but this change in shape will not cause the cell to rupture.
This is because under normal conditions, red blood cells have an excess of cell membranes to accommodate the substances in them so that they will not stretch the membranes excessively.
In red blood cells (erythrocytes) there is hemoglobin (Hb), the substance of hemoglobin (Hb) that makes blood red.
The average number of red blood cells in each person is 90-95 cubic micrometers, while the number of red blood cells is highly dependent on gender and the terrain where a person lives.
In normal men, the average volume of red blood cells per cubic micrometer is 5,200,000 (±300,000) and in normal women, it is 4,700,000 (±300,000). People who live at high altitudes have a greater number of red blood cells than people who live at low altitudes.
Erythrocyte Formation Process
The process of formation of erythrocytes is also called erythropoiesis. The formation of erythrocytes is regulated by a glycoprotein hormone called erythropoietin. The first cell to be recognized as a building block for erythrocytes is the proerythroblast, which is formed from CFU-E stem cells.
Once the proerythroblast cell is formed, the cell will divide several times. The new cells from the first generation of division are called erythroblastic basophils because they can be stained with alkaline colors. These cells contain very little hemoglobin.
At the next stage of cleavage, the number of Hb formed is more than before. The cells formed at this stage are called polychromatophilic erythroblasts. At the next stage, the amount of Hb formed will increase and will give the cells a red color.
Such cells are known as orthochromatic erythroblasts. In the next generation, the cell is filled with Hb up to a concentration of 34%, the nucleus condenses to be small, and the residue is eventually absorbed and pushed out of the cell. At the same time the endoplasmic reticulum is reabsorbed.
The cell at this stage is called a reticulocyte, because it still contains small amounts of basophilic material consisting of remnants of the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and a few other cytoplasmic organelles.
During the reticulocyte stage, cells travel from the bone marrow into the capillaries by diapedesis (squeezing through the pores of the capillary membrane).
The basophilic material remaining in the reticulocyte normally disappears within 1 to 2 days, and then mature erythrocytes. Because the life span of these reticulocytes is short, their concentration among all blood cells is normally slightly less than 1 percent.
If the erythrocytes are already in circulation, then under normal circumstances the lifespan of red blood cells is approximately only 120 days.
Old red blood cells become more fragile and can break apart on their way through narrow blood vessels.
Some of the erythrocytes will break up in the spleen because they are pinched while passing through the red pulp of the spleen and some will be dismantled in the liver.
Hb released from the erythrocytes will be phagocytosed and digested by macrophage cells, especially those in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Then in the liver, Hb is converted into bile dyes (bilirubin) which will be accommodated in the gallbladder.
Bilirubin functions to give color to the stool. The iron present in Hb is transported then released and transported into the bone marrow for used in the formation of new red blood cells or stored in the liver and other tissues in a form ferritin.
In the stages of erythrocyte formation, O2 levels in the air, the hormone erythropoietin, protein, cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and vitamin B12 are important to note because they are factors that can affect the process the.
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