√ Phrases: Definition, Characteristics, Categories, Construction and Classes
Phrases: Definition, Characteristics, Categories, Construction and Class - On this occasion About Knowledge will discuss about the Phrase. Which in this discussion explains the meaning of phrases, characteristics, categories, constructions and class phrases briefly and clearly. For more details, please refer to the following review.
Phrases: Definition, Characteristics, Categories, Construction and Class
There are several constituents in a sentence, each of which describes its function as a word. The functions are Subject (S), Predicate (P), Object (O), Complementary (Pel.) and Description (Ket.)
The function above may or may not exist in a sentence. But there are functions that must exist, namely Subject (S) and Predicate (P).
Now the function in a sentence can be composed of several words, phrases, or clauses.
So maybe there are still many of you who have difficulty understanding the meaning of phrases and types of phrases. But don't worry, because phrases have characteristics that make it easier to understand. The following is an explanation of the phrase:
Definition of the Phrase
A phrase is a unit consisting of two or more words that occupy one sentence function. Phrases cannot form perfect sentences because they do not have a predicate.
Example phrases: The three new students are reading books in class.
Note the explanation of the function of the sentence above:
- Three students (S)
- currently reading (P)
- in class (Ket. place).
The sentence above consists of three phrases, namely 'three students', 'reading', and 'in class'.
Phrase features
To better understand the material of this phrase, you must understand the following characteristics of the phrase, including:
- Phrases must consist of at least two words or more
- Occupy or have a grammatical function in a sentence
- Phrases must have a grammatical meaning
- Phrases are nonpredicative
- Phrases always occupy one sentence function
Phrase Category
Here are some categories of phrases to know:
Equivalent Phrases and Stratified Phrases
A phrase is called equivalent if its constituent elements have the same or equivalent position.
Example: My sister and I ate and drank in the front garden.
The phrase "me and my sister" are the same phrase, because between the elements "me" and the element "younger brother" have an equal position or do not explain each other.
Likewise, the phrases “eating and drinking” are equivalent phrases.
Equivalent phrases are marked by the word 'and' / 'or' between the two elements.
In addition to equivalent phrases, there are also nested phrases. Stratified phrases are phrases that consist of a core and attributes.
Example: Brother will go out tonight.
The phrase "later tonight" consists of attribute and core elements.
Idiomatic Phrase
Consider the 2 sentences below:
a. In yesterday's fire incident, a shopkeeper became the scapegoat.
b. To save his brother, the Pinto family slaughtered a black goat.
Sentences (a) and (b) use the same phrase, namely the phrase 'scapegoat'.
In sentence (a) a black goat means the person who is blamed for an incident, while in sentence (b) it means a goat that has black fur.
The meaning of the scapegoat in sentence (a) has nothing to do with the meaning of the words goat and black.
Now a phrase whose meaning cannot be explained based on the meaning of the words that make it up is called an idiomatic phrase.
Phrase Construction
Phrases have 2 constructions, namely endocentric and exocentric constructions.
Consider the following sentence: The two merchants have entered into a sale and purchase.
Exocentric Phrase
The sentence consists of the phrases 'the two merchants', 'had held' and 'buy and sell'. According to its distribution the phrases 'the two merchants' and 'had held' are endocentric phrases. While the phrase 'buying and selling' is an exocentric phrase.
The second phrase of the merchant can be represented by the word merchant. The phrase has held can also be represented by the word held.
But the buying and selling phrase cannot be represented by the word selling or buying, because these two words are the core, so they have the same position.
Phrases whose distribution is not the same as one or all of its elements are called exocentric phrases.
Endocentric Phrase
Includes 3 types namely:
Phrase Endocentric Which coordinative, connected by the words "and" and "or".
Example: Doors and windows are being painted.
Phrase Endocentric Which Attributive that is composed of unequal elements.
Example: The large yard where the building will be erected belongs to Haji Manarul.
Phrase Endocentric Which appositive, semantically, one element in a positive endocentric phrase has the same meaning as the other elements. The element that is emphasized is the central element, while the adverb element is an apposition.
Example: Arum, Pak Ruchan's daughter, succeeded in becoming a model student.
Phrase Class
Phrases are divided into 6 word classes. Includes noun, verb, character, adverb, number, and preposition phrases.
Noun Phrase or Noun Phrase
Phrases whose distribution is the same as nouns. The central element of a noun phrase is a noun.
Example:
- Rudi received a birthday present.
- Rudi received a gift.
The reason is because the phrase birthday present in the distribution sentence is the same as the noun gift.
Verb Phrase or Verb Phrase
Phrases whose distribution is the same as verbs or verbs.
Example: Dina has been going to write with a new pencil.
Because the phrase will write is a verb and its distribution is the same as the verb to write.
Adjective Phrase or Phrase
Phrases that have the same distribution as adjectives. It has a core in the form of an adjective. The similarity of the distribution can be seen from the following example phrases.
Example:
- The cars on display are beautiful.
- The cars on display were nice.
Adverb Phrase or Adverb Phrase
Phrases whose distribution is the same as adverbs. Generally, the core of an adverb phrase is also an adverb and in a sentence it often functions as an adverb.
Adverb phrases as adverbs
Adverb phrases generally have the flexibility to move because they function as adverbs. Because of that, the adverb phrase can be located in front or behind the subject.
Example:
- He doesn't usually come home late at night
- He doesn't usually come home late
- He came home late at night unusually
Adverb phrases are adverbs to verbs
Example: I not only ask, but also propose something
Numerical Phrases or Phrases
Phrases whose distribution is the same as numerals. Usually, numeral phrases or numeral phrases are formed by adding a classifying word or number auxiliary word.
Example: Three soldiers approached him to that place.
Prepositional Phrase or Prepositional Phrase
Phrases consisting of prepositions with other words as explanatory elements.
Example: The man in front asks the speaker a question.
Ambiguous Phrases
Ambiguity is sometimes found in the arrangement of phrases. Ambiguity means multiple meanings.
Example: Scapegoat and new neighbor's car.
The phrase scapegoat can have 2 meanings, namely a hairy goat.
The phrase scapegoat can have 2 meanings, namely a goat with black hair and an expression that means the person being blamed.
The phrase new neighbor's car can also have 2 meanings, namely the new one is the car and the new one is the neighbor (not the car.
Ambiguous phrases will become clear when used in sentences.
Thus the review about Phrases: Definition, Characteristics, Categories, Construction and Class. hopefully it can be useful and increase knowledge for all of us. Thank You.
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