Ethical Politics: Purpose, Background, Contents and Deviations

Ethical Politics: Purpose, Background, Contents and Deviations - In the discussion this time About Knowledge will explain about Ethical Politics. Ethical politics or politics of reciprocation is a thought from the government which is responsible for the welfare of the bumiputera.

Ethical Politics: Purpose, Background, Contents and Deviations

In this politics, we will know that in ancient times there was a policy of forced cultivation. Then how did this politics emerge, what was the background? Here we will review it in full for you. Check out the reviews below carefully.

Definition of Ethical Politics

Ethical Politics, namely politics that fights for decentralization of people's welfare efficiency (in the colonies). Another definition of ethical politics is a thought that explains that the colonial government held a moral responsibility for the welfare of the natives. This thought is a criticism of the politics of forced cultivation.

Ethical politics first appeared in 1890 due to the pressure of liberals on the Dutch parliament. At that time, the progressive man made a suggestion that the Dutch government pay attention to the Indonesian people who have worked hard to fill the Dutch state finances through the planting program forced.

This pressure arose from the idea that the Netherlands already owed a lot to the wealth of the Indonesian nation which was enjoyed by the Netherlands.

With the pressure to carry out ethical politics to get support from the Dutch government. In a state address, in 1901, the Queen of the Netherlands Wihelmina said "The Netherlands has an obligation to seek the prosperity of the Dutch East Indies population". This speech was a sign of the beginning of the policy of prospering the Dutch East Indies, known as the Ethical Policy or Politics of Reciprocity.

Ethical politics began to operate in 1901 which contained three treatments, namely education (education), irrigation (irrigation), and transmigration (moving population). C. Th van Deventer, who is a politician, sparked ethical politics (politics of reciprocity).

Van Deventer fought for the fate of the Indonesian nation by writing an essay in De Gids magazine entitled Eeu Eereschuld (Debt of Kindness). Van Deventer explained that the Netherlands was indebted to the Indonesian people. This debt of gratitude must be returned by improving the people's lot, educating and prospering.

Purpose of Ethical Politics

The goal of ethical politics is to advance three areas, namely education by providing education, irrigation by making irrigation facilities and networks, and transmigration by organizing movements resident.

At first glance, the ethical politics carried out by the Dutch with improvements in the fields of agricultural irrigation, transmigration and education look noble. But behind that, the objectives of these programs were intended for the interests of the Netherlands itself.

Ethical Political Background

The ethical political background includes:

• The forced cultivation system gave rise to the suffering of the Indonesian people
• The liberal economic system cannot improve people's welfare
• The Dutch put pressure and oppression on the people
• People lost their land
• There was criticism from the Dutch intellectuals themselves

Content of Ethical Politics

Van Deventer states that there are 3 ways to improve the fate of the people which are also named and the Van Deventer Trilogy. The contents of the three ethical policies include:

Education (Education)

Education is carried out in first-class schools for the children of civil servants and people who have positions or wealth. In 1903 there were 14 first grade schools in the Capital of the Residency and there were 29 in the Capital of Afdeling with subjects taught such as reading, writing, arithmetic, earth sciences, natural sciences, history and draw.

Second class education was given specifically to lower class native children. In 1903 in Java and Madura there were 245 public second-class schools and 326 Fartikelir schools, including 63 from Zending.

In 1892 the number of students was 50,000, in 1902 there were 1,632 native children studying in European schools. There are three Osvia schools to become civil service candidates, one each in Bandung, Magelang and Probolinggo. Meanwhile, the names of schools for European children and indigenous children include:

• HIS (Hollandsch Indlandsche School) is equivalent to SD
• MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lagare Onderwijs) is equivalent to SMP
• AMS (Algemeene Middlebare School) is equivalent to SMU
• Kweek School (Teacher School) for the Bumiputera
• Technical Hoges School (High School of Engineering) in Bandung. In 2901 an agricultural school was founded in Bogor (currently IPB)

Irrigation (Watering)

An important facility for agriculture is irrigation, which was built by the government in 1885 with an area of ​​96,000 bau for Berantas and Demak irrigation. In 1902 it was 173,000 bau in area. With irrigation, agricultural land will become fertile and production will increase

Transmigration (Population Movement)

With the transmigration of lands outside Java that have not been processed into plantation land, it can be used to increase income. In addition, to reduce the population density of Java.

In 1865 the population of Java and Madura was 14 million people. In 1900 it had doubled. At the beginning of the 19th century there was migration from Central Java to East Java due to the expansion of sugar cane and tobacco plantations.

Population migration from Java to North Sumatra was due to the large demand for plantation workers in North Sumatra, especially for Deli, while Lampung had the goal of settling down.

Storage of Ethical Politics

At first the ethical political policies proclaimed by Van Deventer were good. However, in practice there was storage run by Dutch officials. Storage that occurs in the course of ethical politics, among others, namely:

Irregularities in the Field of Education
Construction of schools proposed by the Netherlands. But the education aims to obtain administrative staff who are capable and inexpensive. Education is open to all people, only intended for children of civil servants and people who can afford it.

Discrimination occurred in education, namely teaching in class I schools for children of civil servants and people with wealth and in class II schools for native children and in general.

Deviations in the Field of Irrigation
The implementation of irrigation (irrigation) was only aimed at fertile lands for Dutch private plantations. Meanwhile, the people's own property is not supplied with water from irrigation. In the field of irrigation held development and improvement. But the irrigation was not intended to irrigate rice fields and fields belonging to the people, but to irrigate plantations owned by foreign private companies and the colonial government.

Irregularities in the Field of Migration
Migration to areas outside Java only aimed at areas developed by Dutch plantations. This is because there is a large demand for labor in plantation areas such as plantations in North Sumatra, especially in Deli, Suriname and so on. They were made into contract laborers.

Migration to Lampung aims to settle down. Because migration is intended to meet the need for labor, many often run away. To prevent workers from fleeing, the Dutch government issued Poenali Sanctie, namely regulations that stipulates that workers who run away will be searched for and arrested by politicians, then returned to the foreman or supervisor.

The Impact of Ethical Politics for the Indonesian Nation

The impact of the existence of ethical politics for the Indonesian nation, among others:

• The existence of infrastructure development such as the construction of railroads makes the movement of goods and people smoother.
• Development of agricultural infrastructure, in this case dams, which will be useful for irrigation.
• The establishment of schools such as the Hollandsc Indlandsche School (HIS) equivalent to elementary school for the upper class and those for the lower class was formed second grade school, Meer Uitgebreid Lagare Onderwijs (MULO) equivalent to junior high school, Algemeene Middlebare School (AMS) equivalent to high school, Kweek School (School Teachers) for the sons of earth and the Technical Hoges School (High School of Engineering), School Tot Opleiding Van Indische Artsen (STOVIA) school medical.
• There are various schools giving rise to the educated or intellectuals who will later become pioneers of the National Movement, such as Soetomo, a STOVIA student who founded the Budi Organization Utomo.

Supporters of Ethical Politics

Below are the names of figures who support Van Deventer's Ethical Politics, including:

• P Brooshoof, editor of the newspaper De Lokomotif, who in 1901 wrote a book entitled De Ethische Koers In de Koloniale Politiek (Ethical Goals in Colonial Politics).
• F. Holle, helped the peasantry a lot.
• Van Vollen Hoven, deepened the customary law of several ethnic groups in Indonesia.
• Abendanon, thought a lot about the education of indigenous people.
  Leivegoed, a journalist who writes a lot about the Indonesian people.
• Van Kol, wrote a lot about the state of the Dutch East Indies government.
• Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), in his book entitled Max Havelaar contains criticism of the implementation of forced cultivation in Lebak, Banten.

Thus has been explained about Ethical Politics: Purpose, Background, Contents and Deviations, hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.