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√ Definition of Hard Bones, Functions, Characteristics, Types, Structures & Examples

Definition of Bones, Functions, Characteristics, Types, Structures & Examples – On this occasion we will explain about hard bones. The discussion includes the definition of bones, functions, types, characteristics, structure of bones, examples of bones which are discussed in full and lightly. For more details, please see the review below carefully.

Definition of Bones, Functions, Characteristics, Types, Structures & Examples

Let's discuss the definition of hard bones first carefully.

Definition of Hard Bones

Hard bones is bone formed from cartilage which is then filled with osteoblasts or bone-forming cells. Bones are also called osteons, which are a special type of connective tissue whose function is to support the body. Bones are one of the components in the locomotion system. Osteoblasts will then form osteocytes or bone cells where the osteocyte units will encircle blood vessels and then The nervous system forms a matrix havers system which contains calcium and phosphorus so that bones harden and bones form hard.

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Bone Function

The functions of the bones are as follows:

  • For Frame Builders

    The framework of the human body and vertebrate animals consists of bone and hard bones which are the most important constituents of the skeletal system. Even so, the early stages of bone formation can originate from cartilage.

  • For the Place of Formation of Blood Cells

    The most important bone marrow in the form of a pipe, is a place to form new blood cells such as erythrocytes. These red blood cells are renewed every 120 days or approximately four months by forming cells in the bone marrow. Erythrocytes do not have a cell nucleus, making these cells formed from differences in cells that exist in the bone marrow during the embryonic period, the formation of blood cells occurs in the liver. The formation of these blood cells occurs in the spinal cord from the formation of hard bone tissue in the fetus until adulthood.

  • As a Place of Attachment of Muscles

    Bones are the main constituent of the framework of the human body and vertebrate animals which make passive locomotion. Striated or striated muscles that have a role as an active means of movement are attached to hard bones. Cooperation between muscles and bones is very important in the movement of animals and humans.

  • For Body Support

    Bones have a strong and static structure, so they are important for supporting the human body or the bodies of vertebrate animals.

  • To Protect Vital Organs

    The framework of the body which is formed from hard bones has a function to protect vital organs in the body such as the heart, brain, eyes, kidneys and so on.

  • Gives Body Shape

    The skeleton of an animal's body is formed from the joints between hard bones. The shape of the animal's body matches the shape of the skeleton which is composed of hard bones.

  • For Places to Store Minerals

    Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate are constituents in the hard bone matrix making it harden. It is the presence of this compound that makes the hard bone matrix dense. Bones are a storage place for the minerals calcium and phosphate which play a role in metabolism in the body. If the body is excessive in calcium and phosphate intake it will be deposited into the bones, and vice versa if the body lacks minerals it will be decomposed from the bones. Thyroid and parathyroid hormones are the controllers of this regulation.

  • For Passive Drive Devices

    Bones have a role for passive locomotion which cooperates with active locomotion (muscles) to support the movement/movement of animals.

Characteristics of Hard Bones

The characteristics of hard bones are:

  • Has a stiff and hard shape
  • It is easily broken
  • Little adhesive
  • Lime and phosphorus are constituents
  • The arrangement of bone cells forms a layered circle

Types of Kinds of Hard Bones

Bones are divided into several types or types, namely:

Based on the Matrix

According to the matrix, bones are divided into 2 types as follows:

  • Compact Bone
    Compact Bone is bone that is composed of a dense matrix and contains calcium and phosphorus. Compact bone in bone cells (osteocytes) forms and composes the haversian system.
  • Sponge Bone
    Spongy bone is bone that has a hollow matrix and is composed of woven trabeculae (such as tile fragments) which are flat and also contain collagen fibers. The cavity in this spongy bone is filled with bone marrow tissue.

By Shape

According to its shape, bones are divided into 3 types as follows:

  • Flat Bones
    Flat bones have a flattened shape at both ends.
  • Short Bones
    Short bones are short in size and also have a shape similar to dice.
  • Pipebone
    Pipebone is a type of hard bone that is long and has a pipe-like shape.

Bone Structure

Bones are composed or have the upper structure of:

Cell

Bone cells are composed of cells including:

  • Osteoblasts
    Osteoblasts are bone cells that are branched and have a function to secrete cellular matrix. Osteoblasts will become osteocytes when trapped in the matrix they secrete. These cells are very important in the growth and development of bone tissue.
  • Osteoclasts
    Osteoclasts are motile bone cells, having branches of between 5-50 or more nuclei. This cell originates from the fusion of many monocytes that have a role in phagocytes.
  • Osteocytes
    Osteocytes are bone cells that are located in the lacunae of the haversian system of bone. These cells originate from a single proliferating osteoblast cell. Osteocytes have a role in keeping the extracellular matrix solid. When these cells die, there will be decomposition of the extracellular matrix.

Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix is ​​the fluid contained in the organic compounds produced from hard bone cells. This bone matrix contains collagen fibers and organic compounds. The classification of hard bones makes the presence of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate compounds occur in the hard bone matrix. The existence of this classification causes the hard bone matrix to become dense and strong. The cells in the bones form a system called the haversian system. The havers system is composed of:

  • lacuna
    Lacunae are membranes that surround osteocytes. The function of these lacunae is to protect the osteocyte cells and to separate them from the extracellular matrix.
  • Canaliculi
    Canaliculi are branches of the lacunae membrane that are connected to other lacunae.
  • Lamella
    Lamella is a connection between one lacuna and another lacuna.
  • Havers Channel
    Havers duct contains blood vessels and nerves. Which has the function of transporting nutrients to bone cells and metabolic waste from bone cells. Bones are protected because of the presence of loose connective tissue which has the function of providing nutrition and as a regulator of the needs of osteoblasts in the process of repair or growth and development. According to the location of the haversian channel is divided into two, namely:
    • Periosteum is the outer layer of bone which is composed of collagen fibers and fibroblasts.
    • The endosteum is the inner layer of bone that is composed of layers of osteoprogenitor cells or a flattened spindle shape.

Definition of Bones, Functions, Characteristics, Types, Structures, Examples

Examples of Hard Bones

In humans, there are hard bones that can be found as a constituent of the body's framework, which includes the axial bones or axis bones which include the skull, ribs, chest, and vertebrae. Another example is the spongy bone which consists of flat bones and short bones. And for compact bones, for example, the bones of the fingers, collarbones, femurs, bones of the soles of the feet, bones of the toes.

Thus has been explained about Definition of Bones, Functions, Characteristics, Types, Structures & Examples, hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting, and don't forget to read our other articles.

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