√ Definition of Parenchyma Network, Structure, Characteristics and Types
Definition of Parenchyma Network, Structure, Characteristics and Types - On this occasion About Knowledge will discuss about Parenchyma Network. Which in this discussion explains the meaning of parenchyma tissue, its shape, characteristics, properties, functions and types briefly and clearly. For more details, see the following article.
Definition of Parenchyma Network, Structure, Characteristics and Types
Parenchyma tissue itself is a network formed from living cells and has a diverse morphological and physiological structure. Which also still carry out all the activities or activities of physiological processes.
Definition of parenchyma tissue
Parenchyma tissue is a network formed from living cells with morphological structures and also with varied or diverse physiology and also this parenchyma still carries out all the activities or process activities physiological. In terms of morphological and physiological structures, they vary, but basically the parenchyma has the same properties.
Parenchyma tissue is formed from parenchyma cells. It can be said that the parenchyma cells are masses (cells) that are widespread in all organs of the plant. Parenchyma tissue is a heterogeneous network, this occurs due to associations between parenchyma cells that expand then parenchyma tissue in general. It is found in the pith as well as the stem cortex, roots, leaf mesophyll, photosynthetic tissues, leaf flesh and seed endosperm as well as in fruit.
Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells that form the interior of many non-woody plant structures including stems, roots, and leaves. The parenchyma is known for forming a cortex, or main filler, the stem, the inner layer of cells in the leaf, the endosperm material that nourishes the growing seed, and also the fruit pulp.
Parenchyma tissue is also commonly referred to as ground tissue or basic tissue, which means that in almost every part of the plant there will be parenchyma tissue. This is the basic network, in which other networks are also included.
Parenchyma Network Characteristics
There are several characteristics of parenchyma tissue in plants, among others, as follows:
- The parenchyma tissue has a thin cell wall and if it thickens it usually consists of cellulose which is still flexible.
- The cell wall in this parenchyma rarely contains lignin, except in old organs.
- Thickened cell walls generally have plasmodesmata which can help smooth the exchange of substances.
- The parenchyma tissue also has living cells.
- In the middle of the cell chamber there is a large central vacuole which contains reserve food substances.
- In the protoplasm there are usually plastids, both leucoplasts, chloroplasts, or chromoplasts.
- Between these parenchyma cells, there are intercellular spaces which play a role in the exchange or circulation of gases.
- Most of the parenchyma cells are polyhedral in shape.
Structure and Contents of Parenchyma Tissue Cells
The internal structure of the parenchyma varies according to its function. Parenchyma cells that play a role in photosynthesis, contain chloroplasts and form chlorenchyma networks, namely in the leaf mesophyll, stem cortex and pith. Parenchyma cells can also play a role in storing food reserves in the form of:
- Solution in the vacuole where the sugar is dissolved and the N compound in the Beta vulgaris root.
- Liquid in plasma where protein is also oil in the endosperm of seeds of Ricinus communis.
- Crystals where starch in endosperm, cotyledons, tubers, fruit.
Parenchyma cells can function as a place to store water, for example in succulent plants. Many of these parenchyma cells contain tannins as well as their vacuoles.
Form and Arrangement of Parenchyma Tissue Cells
Basically the parenchyma cells are isodiametric in shape. However, there are other forms, such as:
- Perismatic elongated or also cylindrical, in this form is found in the palisade parenchyma of dicot leaf mesophyll.
- Branching, for example, is like star parenchyma/actinenchyma in Canna sp. leaf mesophyll. as well as Juncus sp.
- Parenchyma with large spaces between cells, for example, such as: air parenchyma or also perenchyma in aquatic plant floaters (Eichornia crassiper).
- Parenchyma with an irregular shape and has many spaces between cells, this is found in the leaf mesophyll (sponge parenchyma or also spongy parenchyma).
- Parenchyma with walls that are indented towards the inside, it is in the form of folded parenchyma, for example like the leaves of Pinus merkusi, Oryza.
Parenchyma Network Location
The parenchyma tissue is located in almost all parts of plant organs, such as:
- Stem
- Root
- Stem Pith
- In leaves (mesophyll)
- Flesh of fruit
- Endosperm (cell tissue that stores food reserves)
Parenchyma Network Properties
Below are the properties of parenchyma networks, namely as follows:
- Hexagon shape
- Can be meristematic
- The cells are alive and thin-walled and large
- Has many vacuoles
- Has space between cells so that it is not too dense
Parenchyma Network Function
The following are the functions of parenchyma tissue, including the following:
Apart from being a basic network
Parenchyma tissue also functions as a network for producing and storing food reserves.
Parenchyma as a food producer
The parenchyma used is as a place of photosynthesis, for example in the leaf mesophyll. The results of photosynthesis will be stored in the parenchyma.
Storing Starch
The parenchyma of the stems and roots in some of these plants functions to be able to store starch, namely as a food reserve, for example in sweet potato (Ipomea batatas). Apart from that, the epidermis also functions as a support for the body when the vacuoles are filled with water, such as in soft plants (spinach).
Parenchyma Network Types
The types of parenchyma tissue are classified into two, namely the type of parenchyma tissue based on its function and the type of parenchyma tissue based on its shape. The following is the explanation:
Based on Function
There are various types of parenchyma tissue based on its function, this parenchyma tissue is divided into 5 types, among others, as follows:
- Assimilation Parenchyma
The assimilating parenchyma consists of cells containing many chloroplast plastids. So it is also called chlorenchyma, for example in leaves. The parenchyma is useful for the ongoing photosynthesis (synthesis of carbohydrates).
- Food Parenchyma
The food parenchyma contains amyloplast plastids which function as a place for storing food reserves. Examples are roots, tubers, tubers, and rhizomes.
- Water Parenchyma
The water parenchyma is used as a water storage tissue, in which water is actively bound in the vacuoles of the cells. For example in stems that have succulent properties (able to store water in the network, so they will look/appear fleshy) for example like in cactus plants.
- Air Parenchyma
Air parenchyma, which has intercellular spaces that are large enough and also contains air. For example on plant flotation devices and also on Canna sp. leaf stalks.
By Shape
Based on its shape, parenchyma tissue can be divided into several parts, namely:
- Palisade parenchyma
Fence parenchyma (palisade) is a parenchyma which is a place in the main photosynthesis as well as elongated cells found in leaves just below the epidermal tissue. This is because it contains more chlorophyll than other tissues. The shape of this palisade tissue is round, elongated or oval which are lined up like poles/fences and in the palisade parenchyma there are also chlorophyll cells or green substances in the leaves. The fence parenchyma functions as a place for photosynthesis.
- Coral parenchyma
Spongy parenchyma (sponge tissue) is a layer of cells that are random or irregular, lots of air cavities and is also located under the layer of columnar tissue. In sponges there is chlorophyll but the amount is small (unlike palisade). The spongy parenchyma functions as a place for photosynthesis.
- Star parenchyma
Star parenchyma has a shape similar to a star because the shape is pentagonal or more dangling.
- Parenchyma Folds
This fold parenchyma is found in pine and rice. This parenchyma has a shape that folds inward and also contains a lot of chloroplasts inside.
- Transport Parenchyma
The fifth parenchyma is the transport parenchyma which consists of elongated cells with a location according to the direction of transport, for example in xylem as well as phloem.
Thus the explanation about Definition of Parenchyma Network, Structure, Characteristics and Types. Hopefully it can be useful and add to your insight. Thank You.
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