Scientific Work: Definition, Characteristics, Benefits, Forms, Types, Systematics and Writing Stages

Scientific Work: Definition, Characteristics, Benefits, Forms, Types, Systematics and Writing Stages – What is a scientific work? On this occasion About the knowledge.co.id will discuss whether it is a Scientific Work and the things that surround it. Let's look at the discussion together in the article below to better understand it.

Scientific Work: Definition, Characteristics, Benefits, Forms, Types, Systematics and Writing Stages

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Scientific work is an essay that describes opinions, results of observations, reviews, and research in certain fields arranged according to a certain method with systematic writing, polite language, and contents that can be correct be held accountable.

Scientific work written and published reports presenting the results of research or studies that have been carried out by an individual or a team to comply with the rules and ethics of science confirmed and adhered to by the community scientific.

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Definition of Scientific Work According to Experts

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The following is the definition of scientific work from experts including:

Dwiloka and Riana

Scientific work or scientific articles are the work of a scientist (in the form of development) who wants to develop science, technology, and art obtained through literature, a collection of experiences, study.

Maryadi in Harun, et al

Defining scientific work "work that contains and assesses certain problems using the principles of science"

Munawar Shamsudin

Scientific writing is a text that addresses a particular problem, on the basis of conception specific scientific, by selecting a particular method of presentation as a whole, on a regular basis and consistent.

Eko Susilo, M.

The articles obtained are in accordance with scientific nature and are based on observation, evaluation, research in certain fields, compiled according to certain methods with the systematic writing of polite language and the contents can be accounted for the truth / his scholarship.

Yamilah and Samsoerizal

Explains that the diversity of scientific work consists of several types based on function. According to the group, various known scientific works such as; papers, theses and dissertations.

Revelation

Says that "a scientific essay is to say if it raises concerns with the scientific method".

Brotowidjoyo

Says that "a monograph written by science presents facts and is written according to a good and correct writing methodology".

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Functions of Scientific Writing

In essence, the function of scientific work is as follows:

• Explanation, this writing can be explained as something that was previously unknown, unclear, and uncertain.
• Forecast (prediction), this paper can help anticipate things that might come in the future.
• Control (control), this writing can function to control or supervise whether a statement is true or not.

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Characteristics of Scientific Work

The following are the characteristics of a scientific work.

• The structure of the presentation of scientific work is very strict, usually consisting of an initial section (introduction), a core section (subject matter), and a closing section.
• The components of scientific work vary according to type, but all scientific papers contain an introduction, main sections, closing, and bibliography. Scientific articles published in journals require an abstract.
• The author's attitude in scientific work is objective, which is conveyed by using language style impersonal, using a lot of passive forms, without using the first person pronoun or second.
• The language used in scientific work is the standard language which is reflected in the choice of words/terms, and effective sentences with a standard structure.

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Benefits of Scientific Work

• Train to develop effective reading skills;
• Train to combine reading results from various sources;
• Introducing library activities;
• Improving the organization of facts/data in a clear and systematic manner;
• Obtaining intellectual satisfaction;
• Broaden the horizons of knowledge;
• As a reference material/preliminary research for further research

Forms of Scientific Work

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Scientific Work in the Form of Papers

Papers are generally prepared for writing in scientific publications, for example scientific journals, proceedings for bulletin seminars, or scientific magazines and so on. So the main characteristics of the paper are brief, only the main points and without a table of contents.

Scientific Work in the Form of a Booked Scientific Report

Usually written to report the results of research, observations, or surveys. Scientific reports which are academic requirements in tertiary institutions are usually called theses usually used as a requirement for undergraduate level scientific work, thesis for masters level, and dissertation for S3 level.

Scientific Books

Scientific books are scientific works that are arranged and printed in book form by a general book publisher to be sold commercially on the market. Scientific books can contain specific lessons to other general sciences.

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Types of Scientific Work

Arifin (2003) said that there are several types of scientific essays that people usually write. Following are the types of scientific work according to Arifin (2003):

Paper

Papers are scientific writings that express a problem and its discussion is based on data in the field that are empirical-objective.

According to KBBI, a paper is the official writing of a subject with the aim of being read in public at a meeting and drafted to be published and is also a student's or student's written work for a report on the results of school or college assignments tall.

Working Paper

Working papers are almost the same as papers, but the description for working papers is more detailed than papers.

According to KBBI, working papers are written essays that discuss certain issues that are presented in a seminar to get further answers.

Thesis

Thesis is scientific writing that is written according to the opinions of others and oneself. Data obtained through field observations or laboratory experiments.

According to KBBI thesis is scientific writing that must be made by students as a final requirement of their education.

Thesis

The thesis is a scientific work that presents new findings by conducting their own research. This thesis is also a more detailed writing than the thesis.

According to KBBI, a thesis is a statement supported by arguments presented in the form of an essay to obtain a bachelor's degree in college and is a scientific essay made to get a bachelor's degree at a university (college tall).

Dissertation

A dissertation is a scientific work that presents an argument and is proven by the author himself. This dissertation is structured as a final project to achieve a doctoral degree.

According to KBBI, a dissertation is a scientific essay made to obtain a doctoral degree.

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Systematics of Writing Scientific Papers

The following is the writing of a scientific work

Opening Section

Cover
Title page.
Endorsement page.
Abstraction
Foreword.
List of contents.
Content summary.

Contents section

Introduction

Background of the problem.
Formulation of the problem.
Discussion/restriction of the problem.
Research purposes.
Research methods.

Discussion

Discussion of theory
Framework of thought and scientific argumentation
Hypothesis submission

Research methodology

Time and place of research.
Methods and research design
Population and sample.
Research instrument.
Data collection and data analysis.

Research result

Description of research variables.
Research result.
Hypothesis submission.
Research discussion, expressing theoretical views about the results obtained.

Closing

Conclusion
Suggestion

Support section

Bibliography.
Appendices include research instruments.
List of Tables

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Writing Stages

As stated by Kalidjernih (2010), scientific work is not written immediately and is not only finished in one writing. However, a scientific paper is produced through a process. The process starts from planning, writing, editing (editing) to revising.

Meanwhile Arifin (2003) divides the stages of making this paper into five parts, namely:

• Preparation
• Data collection
• Organizing and drafting
• Draft proofing or editing
• Presentation or typing

From the five stages of making scientific work according to Arifin above, it can be further grouped into three stages. The first stage is the pre-writing or preparation stage (stages 1 and 2). The second stage is the writing stage (stages 3, 4 and 5). And the last is the revision stage, which is to revise or fix typos and content errors.

Determination or selection of topics

The definition of a topic according to Arifin (2003) is the subject of discussion. Meanwhile, according to Sudjiman and Sugono (1991) the topic is the subject to be described or the problem to be found in scientific work. So, the topic is the thing that is discussed in scientific work and serves as a binding description.

Arifin (2003) put forward six conditions for choosing a topic, including:

• The chosen topic should be located around the author
• Attract the author's attention
• Focused on one aspect of scope and limited
• Have objective facts and data
• Known scientific principles or not very recent
• Have reference sources or library materials

Writing theme

The theme is the subject or idea that has begun to be narrowed down from a topic. In Finoza's opinion (2010), the theme has the meaning of the main thoughts, concepts, ideas, or certain ideas that the writer will include in his essay. The theme will be the background and urge someone to write their essay.

 Essay title

The title of the essay will be made after the topic is determined. After that, the writer can immediately choose the title of the essay or choose the title of the essay after the writing is finished. This is done so that the title is in accordance with the topic discussed.

According to Sudjiman and Sugono (1991), in general, the title of the essay is thought of by the author after the essay is finished and the title of the essay must attract the attention of the reader.

According to Widjono HS (2005), there are five requirements for writing titles, including:

• According to the topic
• In accordance with the contents of the essay
• Form a phrase not a sentence
• Short (no more than 9 words not including assignment words)
• Clear (not using figurative language, but direct language)

Create an outline

The outline of the essay or outline is prepared after the writer determines the topic to be written. The purpose of preparing an essay outline is to make it easier for writers to develop essays or writings and to make it easier for writers to find references.

According to Arifin (2003), writing scientific essays must first determine chapter titles and sub-chapter titles.

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