√ Definition of Placenta, Function, Structure, Parts & Process (Complete)
Definition of Placenta, Function, Structure, Parts & Process (Complete) – In this discussion, we will explain about the Placenta. Which includes the meaning, function, structure and parts, as well as the process of formation of the placenta with a complete and easy-to-understand discussion.
Definition of Placenta, Function, Structure, Parts & Process (Complete)
Let's discuss the meaning first carefully.
Meaning of Placenta
Placenta which is also called afterbirth or placenta is an organ in the womb during pregnancy. The growth and development of the placenta is important for the growth and development of the fetus.
The function of the placenta is to place the exchange of metabolic products and gas products between the blood circulation of the mother and the fetus and also the production of hormones. In the placenta there is an umbilical cord which is formed from blood vessels. The placenta is also called the baby's twin sister, because they are both in the womb and when the baby comes out of the placenta it is also born.
The human placenta is about 22 cm in diameter, weighs an average of 470 grams and is about 2.5 cm thick (in the middle of the placenta). The placenta is made up of hundreds of fine vessels and veins, shaped like a lump of raw liver, colored dark red, the placenta is divided into 15-20 cotyledon projections, which are villi finger. The size and weight of the placenta corresponds to the size of the fetus.
Function of the Placenta
The functions of the placenta or placenta are as follows:
As Aalat Fetus Breathing In The Womb
In its growth and development, the fetus requires oxygen. The oxygen that the mother breathes will be delivered to the fetus by connecting the umbilical cord.
Furthermore, this organ will circulate oxygen-containing blood from the mother to the fetus through the diffusion process. Existing carbon dioxide will be carried through the umbilical cord and diffuses into the mother's body with the help of the circulatory system before being removed by the mother's respiratory system.
As a Nutrition Producer
The placenta can convert glucose into glucogen, which is a carbohydrate that can be stored in the liver as a glucose reserve. The nutrients obtained by the fetus will be beneficial for growth and tissue formation when needed.
As an Excretion System (Disposal)
The placenta will remove any waste products that are not needed by the fetal body, such as urea and carbon dioxide.
As a Defense Or Immune System
The defense function in the placenta is carried out in two ways, namely chemical and physical. The chemical mode of defense function is carried out through the function of enzymes, which the placenta will neutralize the suspected toxic activity.
In addition, the mother also gives her antibodies to the fetus. Meanwhile, physically there is a structure created in such a way that the baby is well protected.
This immunity is very important for the fetus, because their liver cannot cope with the harmful elements that come from the mother's blood.
As a Hormone Producer
There are hormones produced by the placenta, including:
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), this hormone functions to prevent menstruation and maintain pregnancy
- Chorionic Somatomammotropin (Placental Lactogen), this hormone has a specific function in relation to nutrition for the mother and fetus.
- Estrogen, this hormone has a function as a helper for uterine enlargement, breast enlargement and development
- Prosgesterone. This hormone has the function of providing early nutrition for the embryo and preventing spontaneous uterine contractions that can cause a miscarriage.
- Chorionic thyrotropin and relaxin. Is a hormone support because it only gives a little change / impact in pregnancy.
Structure and Parts of the Placenta
Placenta which looks like a collection of tissue with more than 200 blood vessels. The location of the placenta in the uterus is normally in the body of the uterus.
But if it is on the bottom or side, then it is called Placenta Previa. The placenta is surrounded by a layer of amnion, which contains blood vessels continuing from the umbilical cord. The placenta is composed of three main parts, namely:
Part of the Fetus (Fetal Portion)
It is composed of structures called the chorion frondosum and villi. The chorion frondosum is a membrane that protects the fetus and consists of trophoblasts.
While the villi of a mature placenta are composed of chorionic villi, intervillary spaces and amnion which line the surface of the placenta. Beneath the amnion are the branches of the umbilical cord blood vessels.
Part On Mother (Maternal Portion)
This part is the surface that leads to the wall of the uterus, has a red color and is divided by a gap that originates from the mother's tissue. In this section there is a compact decidua which is formed of 15-20 structures in the form of spheres called cotyledons.
In this section there is also a structure called the decidua basalis in the maternal part, the decidua basalis in the mature placenta is called the chorionic plate.
Umbilical cord
The umbilical cord stretches from the center of the fetus to the surface of the placenta to the fetus. The umbilical cord has an average length of 50-22 cm and an average diameter of 1-2.5 cm (the size of a finger). The umbilical cord is composed of 2 arteries and 1 vein.
The most important function of the umbilical cord is to connect the placenta with the body of the fetus so that it can distribute oxygen, antibodies and other components needed by the fetus. Umbilical cord of two arteries and one vein. The umbilical vein will transport blood from the mother to the fetus. While the umbilical artery carries blood from the fetus to the mother.
The umbilical vein has the function of flowing blood containing oxygen and nutrients in simple forms, for example carbohydrates in the form of glucose, proteins in the form of amino acids, fats in the form of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and water.
The process of formation of the placenta
The formation of the placenta begins with the development of the trophoblast on the 8th-9th day after fertilization. The cells divide, cells that were previously only one layer become multilayered and form many cavities in the syncytrotiophoblast layer (syncitium). This stage is called the hollow stage (Lacunar Stage).
After the syncytium grows into the endometrium (uterine wall) and damages the blood vessels of the uterine wall allows the syncytium to be drained of maternal blood by automatic repair of the vessels due to the insertion of the organs new. This stage is called the utero-placental circulation (womb to placenta) or the feto-maternal system (fetus to mother).
Then the trophoblast forms several groups of cells that will become a soft, connective tissue called the extraembryonic syncytial mesoderm. The tissue is a connective tissue between the inner layer of the cytotrophoblast and the Heuser membrane cells.
The part that attaches to the cytophoblast becomes the chorionic plate (chorionic plate), while the part that attaches to the heuser membrane cells becomes the yolk sac protector.
By the end of the third week of gestation, the mesoderm formed from the cytophoblasts becomes blood cells and capillaries. Over time, the chorionic cavity expands, allowing the embryonic tissue to separate more and more from it cytotophoblast (chorionic membrane), only connected by a little mesoderm tissue which becomes the connecting stalk (connecting stalk). Then this connecting stalk will then develop into the umbilical cord.
After the blood vessels from the trophoblast penetrate the uterus, the trophoblast will form a mature placenta, thus forming perfect circulation with the blood vessels of the umbilical cord. Although related to each other, maternal blood and fetal blood still can not mix, this system is called the hemochorial system (still separated by the walls of the blood vessels of the fetus and the chorion layer).
Thus has been explained about Definition of Placenta, Function, Structure, Parts & Process (Complete), hopefully can add to your insight and knowledge. Thank you for visiting and don't forget to read other articles.
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